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Repeated ketamine exposure induces an enduring resilient phenotype in adolescent and adult rats.


ABSTRACT: Major depressive disorder afflicts up to 10% of adolescents. However, nearly 50% of those afflicted are considered nonresponsive to available treatments. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist has shown potential as a rapid-acting and long-lasting treatment for major depressive disorder in adults. Thus, the effectiveness and functional consequences of ketamine exposure during adolescence were explored.Adolescent male rats (postnatal day [PD] 35) received two ketamine (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) injections, 4 hours apart, after exposure to day 1 of the forced swim test (FST). The next day, rats were reexposed to the FST to assess ketamine-induced antidepressant-like responses. Separate groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress to confirm findings from the FST. After these initial experiments, adolescent naive rats were exposed to either 1 or 15 consecutive days (PD35-49) of ketamine (20 mg/kg) twice daily. Ketamine's influence on behavioral reactivity to rewarding (i.e., sucrose preference) and aversive (i.e., elevated plus-maze, FST) circumstances was then assessed 2 months after treatment. To control for age-dependent effects, adult rats (PD75-89) were exposed to identical experimental conditions.Ketamine (20 mg/kg) reversed the chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression-like behaviors in the FST. Repeated ketamine exposure resulted in anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like responses 2 months after drug exposure. None of the ketamine doses used were capable of inducing drug-seeking behaviors as measured by place preference conditioning.Repeated ketamine exposure induces enduring resilient-like responses regardless of age of exposure. These findings point to ketamine, and its repeated exposure, as a potentially useful antidepressant during adolescence.

SUBMITTER: Parise EM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3785550 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Repeated ketamine exposure induces an enduring resilient phenotype in adolescent and adult rats.

Parise Eric M EM   Parise Eric M EM   Alcantara Lyonna F LF   Warren Brandon L BL   Wright Katherine N KN   Hadad Roey R   Sial Omar K OK   Kroeck Kyle G KG   Iñiguez Sergio D SD   Bolaños-Guzmán Carlos A CA  

Biological psychiatry 20130619 10


<h4>Background</h4>Major depressive disorder afflicts up to 10% of adolescents. However, nearly 50% of those afflicted are considered nonresponsive to available treatments. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist has shown potential as a rapid-acting and long-lasting treatment for major depressive disorder in adults. Thus, the effectiveness and functional consequences of ketamine exposure during adolescence were explored.<h4>Methods</h4>Adolescent male rats (postnatal  ...[more]

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