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UV-light effects on cytochrome c modulated by the aggregation state of phenothiazines.

ABSTRACT: The present study shows the factors that modulate the photodamage promoted by phenothiazines. Cytochrome c was irradiated with UV light for 120 min, over a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0, in the absence and in the presence of different concentrations of thioridazine (TR) and fluphenazine (FP). In the absence of phenothiazines, the maximal rate of a Soret band blue shift (nm/min) from 409 to 406 nm was obtained at pH 4.0 (0.028 nm/min). The presence of phenothiazines at the concentration range 10-25 µmol/L amplified and accelerated a cytochrome c blue shift (409 to 405 nm, at a rate = 0.041 nm/min). Above 25 µmol/L, crescent concentrations of phenothiazines contributed to cytochrome c protection with (maximal at 2500 µmol/L). Scanning electronic microscopy revealed the formation of nanostructures. The pH also influenced the effect of low phenothiazine concentrations on cytochrome c. Thus, the predominance of phenothiazine-promoted cytochrome c damage or protection depends on a balance of the following factors: the yield of photo-generated drug cation radicals, which is favored by acidic pH; the stability of the cation radicals, which is favored by the drug aggregation; and the cytochrome c structure, modulated by the pH.

SUBMITTER: dos Santos CG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3793907 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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UV-light effects on cytochrome c modulated by the aggregation state of phenothiazines.

dos Santos Carolina G CG Silva André L AL Souza Flavio L FL Lanfredi Alexandre J C AJ Di Mascio Paolo P Nascimento Otaciro R OR Rodrigues Tiago T Nantes Iseli L IL

PloS one 20131009 10

The present study shows the factors that modulate the photodamage promoted by phenothiazines. Cytochrome c was irradiated with UV light for 120 min, over a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0, in the absence and in the presence of different concentrations of thioridazine (TR) and fluphenazine (FP). In the absence of phenothiazines, the maximal rate of a Soret band blue shift (nm/min) from 409 to 406 nm was obtained at pH 4.0 (0.028 nm/min). The presence of phenothiazines at the concentration range 10-25 µm ...[more]

PMID: 24130798

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Project description:Flavonols constitute a group of flavonoids with important photoprotective roles in plants. In addition, flavonol content and composition greatly influences fruit quality. We previously demonstrated that the grapevine R2R3-MYB transcription factor VviMYBF1 promotes flavonol accumulation by inducing the expression of flavonol synthase (VviFLS1/VviFLS4), a key step of the initial flavonol pathway. Despite this, gene networks underlying flavonol modification in grapevine including both structural and regulatory genes remain poorly understood. In order to identify flavonol modifying genes and transcription factors acting downstream of VviMYBF1 a microarray-based transcriptome analysis was performed on grapevine hairy roots ectopically expressing VviMYBF1 or a Green Fluorescent Protein as control. VviFLS1 was induced in VviMYBF1 transgenic roots and flavonols, mainly quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin 3-galactoside, accumulated significantly compared with control lines. Among the differentially expressed genes, potential flavonol-modifying enzymes with predicted rhamnosyltransferase (e.g. RhaT1) or glycosyltransferase (e.g. GT3) activities were identified. In addition, important transcription factors of the MYB and bZIP families such as the proanthocyanidin regulator VviMYBPA1 and the UV-B light responsive HY5 homologue VviHYH were significantly altered in their expression pattern by overexpression of VviMYBF1. In silico promoter sequence analysis confirmed that the significantly differentially expressed genes contained binding sites similar to known MYB recognition elements. Co-temporal expression analysis demonstrated positive correlation of VviMYBF1 and accumulation of glycosylated flavonols with VviGT3 and VviRhaT1 during berry development and in fruits ripened with different light and UV-B radiation conditions at field. These results show that VviMYBF1 overexpression led to the identification of novel genes of the flavonol pathway and that the flavonol modifying machinery can be influenced by agricultural practices to optimize flavonol composition in grapes.

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UV-light effects on cytochrome c modulated by the aggregation state of phenothiazines.

Publications

UV-light effects on cytochrome c modulated by the aggregation state of phenothiazines.

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