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Do the honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically?

ABSTRACT: The honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus (DWV) cause the collapse of honeybee colonies. Therefore, it is plausible that these two pathogens act synergistically to increase colony losses, since N.ceranae causes damage to the mid-gut epithelial ventricular cells and actively suppresses the honeybees' immune response, either of which could increase the virulence of viral pathogens within the bee. To test this hypothesis we exploited 322 Hawaiian honeybee colonies for which DWV prevalence and load is known. We determined via PCR that N.ceranae was present in 89-95% of these colonies, with no Nosema apis being detected. We found no significant difference in spore counts in colonies infected with DWV and those in which DWV was not detected, either on any of the four islands or across the entire honeybee population. Furthermore, no significant correlation between DWV loads (?CT levels) and N.ceranae spore counts was found, so these two pathogens are not acting synergistically. Although the Hawaiian honeybees have the highest known prevalence of N.ceranae in the world, with average number of spores been 2.7 million per bee, no acute Nosema related problems i.e. large-scale colony deaths, have been reported by Hawaiian beekeepers.

SUBMITTER: Martin SJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3806273 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Do the honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically?

Martin Stephen J SJ Hardy Jennifer J Villalobos Ethel E Martín-Hernández Raquel R Nikaido Scott S Higes Mariano M

Environmental microbiology reports 20130410 4

The honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus (DWV) cause the collapse of honeybee colonies. Therefore, it is plausible that these two pathogens act synergistically to increase colony losses, since N.ceranae causes damage to the mid-gut epithelial ventricular cells and actively suppresses the honeybees' immune response, either of which could increase the virulence of viral pathogens within the bee. To test this hypothesis we exploited 322 Hawaiian honeybee colonies for which DWV ...[more]

PMID: 23864563

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Project description:BackgroundDeformed wing virus (DWV) is one of many viruses that infect honeybees and has been extensively studied because of its close association with honeybee colony collapse that is induced by Varroa destructor. However, virus genotypes, sequence characteristics, and genetic variations of DWV remain unknown in China.MethodsTwo DWV strains were isolated from Jinzhou and Qinhuangdao cities in China, and were named China1-2017 (accession number: MF770715) and China2-2018 (accession number: MH165180), respectively, and their complete genome sequences were analyzed. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the DWV isolates, a phylogenetic tree of the complete open reading frame (ORF), structural protein VP1, and non-structural protein 3C+RdRp of the DWV sequences was constructed using the MEGA 5.0 software program. Then, the similarity and recombinant events of the DWV isolated strains were analyzed using recombination detection program (RDP4) software and genetic algorithm for recombination detection (GARD).ResultsThe complete genomic analysis showed that the genomes of the China1-2017 and China2-2018 DWV strains consisted of 10,141 base pairs (bp) and 10,105 bp, respectively, and contained a single, large ORF (China1-2017: 1,146-9,827 bp; China2-2018: 1,351-9,816 bp) that encoded 2,894 amino acids. The sequences were compared with 20 previously reported DWV sequences from different countries and with sequences of two closely related viruses, Kakugo virus (KV) and V. destructor virus-1. Multiple sequence comparisons revealed a nucleotide identity of 84.3-96.7%, and identity of 94.7-98.6% in amino acids between the two isolate strains and 20 reference strains. The two novel isolates showed 96.7% nucleotide identity and 98.1% amino acid identity. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the two isolates belonged to DWV Type A and were closely related to the KV-2001 strain from Japan. Based on the RDP4 and GARD analyses, the recombination of the China2-2018 strain was located at the 4,266-7,507 nt region, with Korea I-2012 as an infer unknown parent and China-2017 as a minor parent, which spanned the entire helicase ORF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to the complete sequence of DWV isolated from Apis cerana and the possible DWV recombination events in China. Our findings are important for further research of the phylogenetic relationship of DWVs in China with DWV strains from other countries and also contribute to the understanding of virological properties of these complex DWV recombinants.

Project description:Here, a comparative transcriptome investigation was conducted based on high-quality deep sequencing data from the midguts of Apis cerana cerana workers at 7 d post-inoculation (dpi) and 10 dpi with Nosema ceranae and corresponding un-inoculated midguts. PCR identification and microscopic observation of paraffin sections confirmed the effective infection of A. c. cerana worker by N. ceranae. In total, 1127 and 957 N. ceranae-responsive genes were identified in the infected midguts at 7 dpi and 10 dpi, respectively. RT-qPCR results validated the reliability of our transcriptome data. GO categorization indicated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were respectively engaged in 34 and 33 functional terms associated with biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Additionally, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs at 7 dpi and 10 dpi could be enriched in 231 and 226 pathways, respectively. Moreover, DEGs in workers' midguts at both 7 dpi and 10 dpi were involved in six cellular immune pathways such as autophagy and phagosome and three humoral immune pathways such as the Toll/Imd signaling pathway and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. In addition, one up-regulated gene (XM_017055397.1) was enriched in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the workers' midgut at 10 dpi. Further investigation suggested the majority of these DEGs were engaged in only one immune pathway, while a small number of DEGs were simultaneously involved in two immune pathways. These results together demonstrated that the overall gene expression profile in host midgut was altered by N. ceranae infection and some of the host immune pathways were induced to activation during fungal infection, whereas some others were suppressed via host-pathogen interaction. Our findings offer a basis for clarification of the mechanism underlying the immune response of A. c. cerana workers to N. ceranae infection, but also provide novel insights into eastern honeybee-microsporodian interaction.

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Do the honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically?

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Do the honeybee pathogens Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically?

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