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Different serologic behavior of MCPyV, TSPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and HPyV9 polyomaviruses found on the skin.

ABSTRACT: The polyomavirus family is rapidly expanding with twelve new human viruses identified since 2007. A significant number of the new human polyomaviruses (HPyV) has been found on the skin. Whether these viruses share biological properties and should be grouped together is unknown. Here we investigated the serological behavior of cutaneous HPyVs in a general population. 799 sera from immunocompetent Australian individuals aged between 0-87 were analyzed with a Luminex xMAP technology-based immunoassay for the presence of VP1-directed IgG antibodies against MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, and BKPyV as a control. Except for HPyV9, overall seropositivity was high for the cutanous polyomaviruses (66-81% in adults), and gradually increased with age. Children below 6 months displayed seropositivity rates comparable to the adults, indicative of maternal antibodies. TSPyV seroreactivity levels strongly increased after age 2 and waned later in life comparable to BKPyV, whereas MCPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 seroreactivity remained rather stable throughout. Based on the identified serologic profiles, MCPyV seems to cluster with HPyV6 and HPyV7, and TSPyV and HPyV9 by themselves. These profiles indicate heterogeneity among cutaneous polyomaviruses and probably reflect differences in exposure and pathogenic behavior of these viruses.

SUBMITTER: van der Meijden E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3836759 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have a wide range of hosts, from humans to fish, and their effects on hosts vary. The differences in the infection characteristics of PyV with respect to the host are assumed to be influenced by the biochemical function of the LT-Ag protein, which is related to the cytopathic effect and tumorigenesis mechanism via interaction with the host protein. METHODS:We carried out a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns of large T-antigens (LT-Ags) of PyVs isolated from various host species and their functional domains and sequence motifs. Parity rule 2 (PR2) and neutrality analysis were applied to evaluate the effects of mutation and selection pressure on codon usage bias. To investigate evolutionary relationships among PyVs, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis, and a correspondence analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values was performed. RESULTS:Nucleotide composition analysis using LT-Ag gene sequences showed that the GC and GC3 values of avian PyVs were higher than those of mammalian PyVs. The effective number of codon (ENC) analysis showed host-specific ENC distribution characteristics in both the LT-Ag gene and the coding sequences of its domain regions. In the avian and fish PyVs, the codon diversity was significant, whereas the mammalian PyVs tended to exhibit conservative and host-specific evolution of codon usage bias. The results of our PR2 and neutrality analysis revealed mutation bias or highly variable GC contents by showing a narrow GC12 distribution and wide GC3 distribution in all sequences. Furthermore, the calculated RSCU values revealed differences in the codon usage preference of the LT-AG gene according to the host group. A similar tendency was observed in the two functional domains used in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS:Our study showed that specific domains or sequence motifs of various PyV LT-Ags have evolved so that each virus protein interacts with host cell targets. They have also adapted to thrive in specific host species and cell types. Functional domains of LT-Ag, which are known to interact with host proteins involved in cell proliferation and gene expression regulation, may provide important information, as they are significantly related to the host specificity of PyVs.

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Different serologic behavior of MCPyV, TSPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and HPyV9 polyomaviruses found on the skin.

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