Human bocavirus in patients with encephalitis, Sri Lanka, 2009-2010.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mori D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3837659 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundRabies is endemic in Sri Lanka, but little is known about the temporal and spatial trends of rabies in this country. Knowing these trends may provide insight into past control efforts and serve as the basis for future control measures. In this study, we analyzed distribution of rabies in humans and animals over a period of 12 years in Sri Lanka.MethodsAccumulated data from 1999 through 2010 compiled by the Department of Rabies Diagnosis and Research, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Colombo, were used in this study.ResultsThe yearly mean percentage of rabies-positive sample was 62.4% (47.6-75.9%). Three-fourths of the rabies-positive samples were from the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kalutara districts in Western province, followed by Galle in Southern province. A high percentage of the rabies samples were from dogs (85.2%), followed by cats (7.9%), humans (3.8%), wild animals (2.0%), and livestock (1.1%). Among wild animals, mongooses were the main victims followed by civets. The number of suspect human rabies cases decreased gradually in Sri Lanka, although the number of human samples submitted for laboratory confirmation increased.ConclusionsThe number of rabid dogs has remained relatively unchanged, but the number of suspect human rabies is decreasing gradually in Sri Lanka. These findings indicate successful use of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) by animal bite victims and increased rabies awareness. PEP is free of charge and is supplied through government hospitals by the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. Our survey shows that most positive samples were received from Western and Southern provinces, possibly because of the ease of transporting samples to the laboratory. Submissions of wild animal and livestock samples should be increased by creating more awareness among the public. Better rabies surveillance will require introduction of molecular methods for detection and the establishment of more regional rabies diagnostic laboratories.
| S-EPMC4191952 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Of 362 fecal samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Sri Lanka during 2005-2006, 30 (8.3%) were positive for human parechovirus (HPeV) by reverse transcription-PCR. A novel HPeV, designated as HPeV10, was identified in 2 samples by sequence analysis of the viral protein 1 gene of the detected HPeVs.
| S-EPMC2874375 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genotype I of Japanese encephalitis virus first appeared in Taiwan in 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of 37 viruses from pig farms in 2009-2010 classified these viruses into 2 unique subclusters of genotype I viruses and suggested multiple introductions and swift replacement of genotype III by genotype I virus in Taiwan.
| S-EPMC3311176 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundScientific research is an essential component in guiding improvements in health systems. There are no studies examining the Sri Lankan medical research output at international level. The present study evaluated the Sri Lankan research performance in medicine as reflected by the research publications output between years 2000-2009.MethodsThis study was based on Sri Lankan medical research publication data, retrieved from the SciVerse Scopus® from January 2000 to December 2009. The process of article selection was as follows: Affiliation - 'Sri Lanka' or 'Ceylon', Publication year - 'January 2000 to December 2009' and Subject area - 'Life and Health Sciences'. The articles identified were classified according to disease, medical speciality, institutions, major international collaborators, authors and journals.ResultsSri Lanka's cumulative medical publications output between years 2000-2009 was 1,740 articles published in 160 different journals. The average annual publication growth rate was 9.1%. Majority of the articles were published in 'International' (n = 950, 54.6%) journals. Most articles were descriptive studies (n = 611, 35.1%), letters (n-345, 19.8%) and case reports (n = 311, 17.9%). The articles were authored by 148 different Sri Lankan authors from 146 different institutions. The three most prolific local institutions were Universities of; Colombo (n = 547), Kelaniya (n = 246) and Peradeniya (n = 222). Eighty four countries were found to have published collaborative papers with Sri Lankan authors during the last decade. UK was the largest collaborating partner (n = 263, 15.1%).Malaria (n = 75), Diabetes Mellitus (n = 55), Dengue (n = 53), Accidental injuries (n = 42) and Lymphatic filariasis (n = 40) were the major diseases studied. The 1,740 publications were cited 9,708 times, with an average citation of 5.6 per paper. The most cited paper had 203 citations, while there were 597 publications with no citations. The Sri Lankan authors' contribution to the global medical research output during the last decade was only 0.086%.ConclusionThe Sri Lankan medical research output during the last decade is only a small fraction of the global research output. There it is a necessity to setup an enabling environment for research, with a proper vision, support, funds and training. In addition, collaborations across the region need to be strengthened to face common regional health challenges.
| S-EPMC3305378 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundJapanese encephalitis (JE) was once epidemic in most areas of China, including Wuhan, a city located in the central part of China. The incidence of JE dramatically decreased due to nationwide immunization with the live attenuated JE virus (JEV) vaccine, and no JE cases were reported during 2005-2008 in Wuhan. In 2009 and 2010, 31 JE cases reoccurred in this area. In this study, we investigated the causes of JE recurrence.Methods and findingsAll JE cases were laboratory-confirmed by detecting the JEV-specific IgM antibody with an IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All patients were children between 2 months and 9 years of age with a median age of 2 years. Of the 31 cases, 9 had received one or two doses of the JEV vaccine, 11 had not been immunized previously with the JEV vaccine, and 11 had an unclear immunization history. Through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, two new strains of JEV were isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus and identified as genotype 1 JEV, rather than genotype 3, which circulated in this area previously.ConclusionsVaccine failure or missed vaccination may have caused JE recurrence. Local centers for disease control and prevention need to improve immunization coverage, and the efficacy of the JE vaccine needs to be reevaluated in a population at risk for disease.
| S-EPMC3541373 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDespite a relatively good national case reporting system in Sri Lanka, detailed maps of malaria distribution have not been publicly available.MethodsIn this study, monthly records over the period 1995 - 2000 of microscopically confirmed malaria parasite positive blood film readings, at sub-district spatial resolution, were used to produce maps of malaria distribution across the island. Also, annual malaria trends at district resolution were displayed for the period 1995 - 2002.ResultsThe maps show that Plasmodium vivax malaria incidence has a marked variation in distribution over the island. The incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria follows a similar spatial pattern but is generally much lower than that of P. vivax. In the north, malaria shows one seasonal peak in the beginning of the year, whereas towards the south a second peak around June is more pronounced.ConclusionThis paper provides the first publicly available maps of both P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria incidence distribution on the island of Sri Lanka at sub-district resolution, which may be useful to health professionals, travellers and travel medicine professionals in their assessment of malaria risk in Sri Lanka. As incidence of malaria changes over time, regular updates of these maps are necessary.
| S-EPMC183859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The residential regions of Yunnan province, canton of Jing Hong, in China were surveyed for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in mosquito and swine vectors to determine the frequency of JEV-carrying zoonotic vectors in 2009-2010. A total of 21,500 mosquitoes were collected and divided by species, and brain tissue was collected from 108 stillborn piglets. The infection rates for the different JEV species were 13.2% for Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 2.7% for Anopheles sinensis, 0.7% for Armigeres subalbatus, and 18.5% for stillborn piglets. The complete genomes of two JEV samples that were collected in different seasons and different regions, Yunnan 0901 and Yunnan 0902, were sequenced from a pool of Culex mosquitoes and stillborn piglets that had been collected randomly from several piggeries. Multiple sequence alignment with 24 fully-sequenced genes and 93 complete sequences of the JEV-encoded E gene revealed nucleotide homologies ranging from 97.2-99.6% and 94.5-99.7% in mosquitoes and piglets, respectively, and deduced amino acid homologies ranging from 97.4-98.1% and 96.0-98.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the Yunnan 0901 and Yunnan 0902 strains' full-length genomes and E gene sequences indicated that these strains are most closely related to six Chinese SA14-derived viruses, and distantly related to the Australian FU, vellore P20778, and Japanese Ishikawa strains, and the previously isolated YN86-B8639 strains. The phylogenetic relationships based on the full-length genome were similar to those found for the E gene, indicating that phylogenetic analysis of the E gene will be a useful approach for genotyping of JEV, but not to better understand the potential changes in the biological characteristics and genetic relationship of JEV isolates.
| S-EPMC3540924 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To study influenza viruses in pigs in Sri Lanka, we examined samples from pigs at slaughterhouses. Influenza (H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were prevalent during 2004-2005 and 2009-2012, respectively. Genetic and epidemiologic analyses of human and swine influenza viruses indicated 2 events of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus spillover from humans to pigs.
| S-EPMC3647653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We detected human bocavirus in 89 (19.3%) of 462 fecal samples collected during 3 periods from 1985 through 2010 from children <5 years of age in Chile who were hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Our findings confirm the long-term circulation of human bocavirus in Chile.
| S-EPMC3837656 | biostudies-literature