Mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces neurovascular dysfunction, triggering peripheral beta-amyloid brain entry and aggregation.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls brain supply with oxygen and nutrients, and protects the brain from toxic metabolites, such as beta-amyloid (A?) peptides. The neurovascular unit (NVU) couples vascular and neuronal functions by controlling BBB parameters based on brain needs. As such, NVU/BBB dysfunction, associated to irregularities in cerebral blood flow (CBF), has been proposed to contribute in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mainly by impairing cerebral A? clearance. However, the spatiotemporal contribution of the NVU/BBB in the neurodegenerative cascades remains elusive.

Results

By using C57BL/6J mice subjected to right common carotid artery (rCCA) permanent ligation in order to induce mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, we show here that cerebral hypoperfusion induced NVU dysfunction by reducing ABCB1 protein expression in brain capillaries. ABCB1 reduction was mainly triggered by an enhanced Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3?) activation, which decreased ?-catenin nuclear abundance. Moreover, cerebral hypoperfusion triggered early vascular deposition of peripherally applied human A?1-42 peptides, which has shifted from highly vascular to the parenchyma 6 weeks later, forming small stable A? deposits. Hypoperfusion induced a deregulation in glucose metabolism, as brain reperfusion, or the administration of a high dose of glucose, diminished GSK3? activation, recuperated ?-catenin nuclear abundance, reestablished ABCB1 protein expression, and prevented A? vascular early deposition. These results demonstrate that mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion creates a metabolically deregulated microenvironment, thus triggering the brain entry and aggregation of peripherally applied human A?1-42 peptides.

Conclusion

Our study offers new insights on the initiation of the neurodegenerative cascades observed in AD, which could be valuable in developing adequate treatment strategies.

SUBMITTER: ElAli A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3843528 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature