Dataset Information

The ginger-shaped asteroid 4179 Toutatis: new observations from a successful flyby of Chang'e-2.

ABSTRACT: On 13 December 2012, Chang'e-2 conducted a successful flyby of the near-Earth asteroid 4179 Toutatis at a closest distance of 770 ± 120 meters from the asteroid's surface. The highest-resolution image, with a resolution of better than 3 meters, reveals new discoveries on the asteroid, e.g., a giant basin at the big end, a sharply perpendicular silhouette near the neck region, and direct evidence of boulders and regolith, which suggests that Toutatis may bear a rubble-pile structure. Toutatis' maximum physical length and width are (4.75 × 1.95?km) ±10%, respectively, and the direction of the +z axis is estimated to be (250 ± 5°, 63 ± 5°) with respect to the J2000 ecliptic coordinate system. The bifurcated configuration is indicative of a contact binary origin for Toutatis, which is composed of two lobes (head and body). Chang'e-2 observations have significantly improved our understanding of the characteristics, formation, and evolution of asteroids in general.

SUBMITTER: Huang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3860288 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

The ginger-shaped asteroid 4179 Toutatis: new observations from a successful flyby of Chang'e-2.

Huang Jiangchuan J Ji Jianghui J Ye Peijian P Wang Xiaolei X Yan Jun J Meng Linzhi L Wang Su S Li Chunlai C Li Yuan Y Qiao Dong D Zhao Wei W Zhao Yuhui Y Zhang Tingxin T Liu Peng P Jiang Yun Y Rao Wei W Li Sheng S Huang Changning C Ip Wing-Huen WH Hu Shoucun S Zhu Menghua M Yu Liangliang L Zou Yongliao Y Tang Xianglong X Li Jianyang J Zhao Haibin H Huang Hao H Jiang Xiaojun X Bai Jinming J

Scientific reports 20131212

On 13 December 2012, Chang'e-2 conducted a successful flyby of the near-Earth asteroid 4179 Toutatis at a closest distance of 770 ± 120 meters from the asteroid's surface. The highest-resolution image, with a resolution of better than 3 meters, reveals new discoveries on the asteroid, e.g., a giant basin at the big end, a sharply perpendicular silhouette near the neck region, and direct evidence of boulders and regolith, which suggests that Toutatis may bear a rubble-pile structure. Toutatis' ma ...[more]

PMID: 24336501

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Project description:The neural correlates of memory formation in humans have long been investigated by exposing subjects to diverse material and comparing responses to items later remembered to those forgotten. Tasks requiring memorization of sensory sequences afford unique possibilities for linking neural memorization processes to behavior, because, rather than comparing across different items of varying content, each individual item can be examined across the successive learning states of being initially unknown, newly learned, and eventually, fully known. Sequence learning paradigms have not yet been exploited in this way, however. Here, we analyze the event-related potentials of subjects attempting to memorize sequences of visual locations over several blocks of repeated observation, with respect to pre- and post-block recall tests. Over centro-parietal regions, we observed a rapid P300 component superimposed on a broader positivity, which exhibited distinct modulations across learning states that were replicated in two separate experiments. Consistent with its well-known encoding of surprise, the P300 deflection monotonically decreased over blocks as locations became better learned and hence more expected. In contrast, the broader positivity was especially elevated at the point when a given item was newly learned, i.e., started being successfully recalled. These results implicate the Broad Positivity in endogenously-driven, intentional memory formation, whereas the P300, in processing the current stimulus to the degree that it was previously uncertain, indexes the cumulative knowledge thereby gained. The decreasing surprise/P300 effect significantly predicted learning success both across blocks and across subjects. This presents a new, neural-based means to evaluate learning capabilities independent of verbal reports, which could have considerable value in distinguishing genuine learning disabilities from difficulties to communicate the outcomes of learning, or perceptual impairments, in a range of clinical brain disorders.

Dataset Information

The ginger-shaped asteroid 4179 Toutatis: new observations from a successful flyby of Chang'e-2.

Publications

The ginger-shaped asteroid 4179 Toutatis: new observations from a successful flyby of Chang'e-2.

Similar Datasets

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