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A biophysically based mathematical model for the catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase.

ABSTRACT: Glutathione reductase (GR) catalyzes the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) using NADPH as the reducing cofactor, and thereby maintains a constant GSH level in the system. GSH scavenges superoxide (O2(*-)) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) nonenzymatically or by serving as an electron donor to several enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. In either case, GSH oxidizes to GSSG and is subsequently regenerated by the catalytic action of GR. Although the GR kinetic mechanism has been extensively studied under various experimental conditions with variable substrates and products, the catalytic mechanism has not been studied in terms of a mechanistic model that accounts for the effects of the substrates and products on the reaction kinetics. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a comprehensive mathematical model for the catalytic mechanism of GR. We use available experimental data on GR kinetics from various species/sources to develop the mathematical model and estimate the associated model parameters. The model simulations are consistent with the experimental observation that GR operates via both ping-pong and sequential branching mechanisms based on relevant concentrations of its reaction substrate GSSG. Furthermore, we show the observed pH-dependent substrate inhibition of GR activity by GSSG and bimodal behavior of GR activity with pH. The model presents a unique opportunity to understand the effects of products on the kinetics of GR. The model simulations show that under physiological conditions, where both substrates and products are present, the flux distribution depends on the concentrations of both GSSG and NADP(+), with ping-pong flux operating at low levels and sequential flux dominating at higher levels. The kinetic model of GR may serve as a key module for the development of integrated models for ROS-scavenging systems to understand protection of cells under normal and oxidative stress conditions.

SUBMITTER: Pannala VR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3870161 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A biophysically based mathematical model for the catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase.

Pannala Venkat R VR Bazil Jason N JN Camara Amadou K S AKS Dash Ranjan K RK

Free radical biology & medicine 20131009

Glutathione reductase (GR) catalyzes the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) using NADPH as the reducing cofactor, and thereby maintains a constant GSH level in the system. GSH scavenges superoxide (O2(*-)) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) nonenzymatically or by serving as an electron donor to several enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. In either case, GSH oxidizes to GSSG and is subsequently regenerated by the catalytic action of GR. Alt ...[more]

PMID: 24120751

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Project description:Thioredoxin glutathione reductase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmTGR) catalyzes the reduction of both thioredoxin and glutathione disulfides (GSSG), thus playing a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis in the parasite. In line with this role, previous studies have demonstrated that SmTGR is a promising drug target for schistosomiasis. To aid in the development of efficacious drugs that target SmTGR, it is essential to understand the catalytic mechanism of SmTGR. SmTGR is a dimeric flavoprotein in the glutathione reductase family and has a head-to-tail arrangement of its monomers; each subunit has the components of both a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) domain and a glutaredoxin (Grx) domain. However, the active site of the TrxR domain is composed of residues from both subunits: FAD and a redox-active Cys-154/Cys-159 pair from one subunit and a redox-active Cys-596'/Sec-597' pair from the other; the active site of the Grx domain contains a redox-active Cys-28/Cys-31 pair. Via its Cys-28/Cys-31 dithiol and/or its Cys-596'/Sec-597' thiol-selenolate, SmTGR can catalyze the reduction of a variety of substrates by NADPH. It is presumed that SmTGR catalyzes deglutathionylation reactions via the Cys-28/Cys-31 dithiol. Our anaerobic titration data suggest that reducing equivalents from NADPH can indeed reach the Cys-28/Cys-31 disulfide in the Grx domain to facilitate reductions effected by this cysteine pair. To clarify the specific chemical roles of each redox-active residue with respect to its various reactivities, we generated variants of SmTGR. Cys-28 variants had no Grx deglutathionylation activity, whereas Cys-31 variants retained partial Grx deglutathionylation activity, indicating that the Cys-28 thiolate is the nucleophile initiating deglutathionylation. Lags in the steady-state kinetics, found when wild-type SmTGR was incubated at high concentrations of GSSG, were not present in Grx variants, indicating that this cysteine pair is in some way responsible for the lags. A Sec-597 variant was still able to reduce a variety of substrates, albeit slowly, showing that selenocysteine is important but is not the sole determinant for the broad substrate tolerance of the enzyme. Our data show that Cys-520 and Cys-574 are not likely to be involved in the catalytic mechanism.

Dataset Information

A biophysically based mathematical model for the catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase.

Publications

A biophysically based mathematical model for the catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase.

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