Dataset Information

Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major cause of intrauterine growth restriction and childhood obesity, but only a few studies have examined the association of smoking cessation before and during pregnancy with fetal and childhood growth. We examined this association in a prospective cohort study in Japan.

Methods

Our study included children born between 1991 and 2006 and their mothers. Using a questionnaire, maternal smoking status was recorded at pregnancy. The anthropometric data of the children were collected during a medical check-up at age 3 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used for data analysis stratified by sex.

Results

In total, 2663 mothers reported their smoking status during early pregnancy, and data were collected from 2230 (83.7%) children at age 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in birth weight (approximately 120-150 g). Body mass index at age 3 years was significantly higher among boys born to smoking mothers than among boys born to nonsmoking mothers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with overweight at age 3 years among boys (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.03-5.4). However, among women who stopped smoking in early pregnancy, there was no increase in the risks of a small for gestational age birth or childhood overweight at age 3 years.

Conclusions

Children born to mothers who stopped smoking before or during early pregnancy had appropriate fetal and childhood growth.

SUBMITTER: Suzuki K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3872526 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth.

Suzuki Kohta K Sato Miri M Zheng Wei W Shinohara Ryoji R Yokomichi Hiroshi H Yamagata Zentaro Z

Journal of epidemiology 20131214 1

<h4>Background</h4>Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major cause of intrauterine growth restriction and childhood obesity, but only a few studies have examined the association of smoking cessation before and during pregnancy with fetal and childhood growth. We examined this association in a prospective cohort study in Japan.<h4>Methods</h4>Our study included children born between 1991 and 2006 and their mothers. Using a questionnaire, maternal smoking status was recorded at pregnancy. The a ...[more]

PMID: 24335086

Similar Datasets

Project description:Many studies have shown that neonates of smoking mothers have a lower birth weight, but several issues remain poorly studied, e.g., the effects of giving up smoking or the combined effects of smoking and maternal obesity. Therefore, we evaluated a prospective cohort of 912 mothers in a single pregnancy, recruited in Poland, in 2015-2016. In the cohort, we recorded 72 (7.9%) newborns with birth weight <10th percentile, 21 (2.3%) fetal growth restriction (FGR) cases, and 60 (6.6%) low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g) newborns. In the cohort, 168 (18.4%) women smoked before pregnancy; the mean number of cigarettes/day was 10.8 (1-30), and the mean number of years of cigarette smoking was 8.5 (1-25). Among smokers, 57 (6.3%) women smoked in the first trimester. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of newborn outcomes (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) was calculated in multi-dimensional logistic regressions. Compared to participants who had never smoked, smoking before pregnancy was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 1.93, CI: 1.08-3.44, p = 0.027), but the result for LBW (AOR = 2.76, CI: 1.05-7.26, p = 0.039) and FGR (AOR = 1.13, CI: 0.38-3.36, p = 0.822) had the wider confidence interval or was insignificant. Effects of smoking cessation before pregnancy were statistically insignificant for the studied outcomes. Smoking in the first trimester was associated with a higher risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.68, CI: 2.28-9.62, p < 0.001), LBW (AOR = 6.42, CI: 1.84-22.36, p = 0.004), and FGR (AOR = 3.60, CI: 0.96-13.49, p = 0.057). Smoking cessation in the second/third trimester was associated with a higher odds ratio of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 4.54, CI: 1.58-13.02, p = 0.005), FGR (AOR = 3.36, CI: 0.6-18.74, p = 0.167), and LBW (AOR = 2.14, CI: 0.62-7.36), p = 0.229), to a similar degree to smoking in the first trimester. The odds ratios were higher in the subgroup of pre-pregnancy body mass index ?25 kg/m2 for the risk of birth weight <10th percentile (AOR = 6.39, CI: 2.01-20.34, p = 0.002) and FGR (AOR = 6.25, CI: 0.86-45.59, p = 0.071). The length of cigarette smoking time was also the risk factor for studied outcomes. Conclusions: Smoking in the first trimester increased the studied risks, and the coexistence of excessive maternal weight increased the effects. Smoking cessation during the second/third trimester did not have a protective effect.

Project description:BackgroundObesity predominantly affects populations in high-income countries and those countries facing epidemiological transition. The risk of childhood obesity is increased among infants who had overweight or obesity at birth, but in low-resource settings one in five infants are born small for gestational age. We aimed to study the relationships between: (1) maternal metabolite signatures; (2) fetal abdominal growth; and (3) postnatal growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment.MethodsIn the prospective, multinational, observational INTERBIO-21st fetal study, conducted in maternity units in Pelotas (Brazil), Nairobi (Kenya), Karachi (Pakistan), Soweto (South Africa), Mae Sot (Thailand), and Oxford (UK), we enrolled women (≥18 years, with a BMI of less than 35 kg/m2, natural conception, and a singleton pregnancy) who initiated antenatal care before 14 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound scans were performed every 5±1 weeks until delivery to measure fetal growth and feto-placental blood flow, and we used finite mixture models to derive growth trajectories of abdominal circumference. The infants' health, growth, and development were monitored from birth to age 2 years. Early pregnancy maternal blood and umbilical cord venous blood samples were collected for untargeted metabolomic analysis.FindingsFrom Feb 8, 2012, to Nov 30, 2019, we enrolled 3598 pregnant women and followed up their infants to 2 years of age. We identified four ultrasound-derived trajectories of fetal abdominal circumference growth that accelerated or decelerated within a crucial 20-25 week gestational age window: faltering growth, early accelerating growth, late accelerating growth, and median growth tracking. These distinct phenotypes had matching feto-placental blood flow patterns throughout pregnancy, and different growth, adiposity, vision, and neurodevelopment outcomes in early childhood. There were 709 maternal metabolites with positive effect for the faltering growth phenotype and 54 for the early accelerating growth phenotype; 31 maternal metabolites had a negative effect for the faltering growth phenotype and 76 for the early accelerating growth phenotype. Metabolites associated with the faltering growth phenotype had statistically significant odds ratios close to 1·5 (ie, suggesting upregulation of metabolic pathways of impaired fetal growth). The metabolites had a reciprocal relationship with the early accelerating growth phenotype, with statistically significant odds ratios close to 0.6 (ie, suggesting downregulation of fetal growth acceleration). The maternal metabolite signatures included 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 11 phosphatidylcholines linked to oxylipin or saturated fatty acid sidechains. The fungicide, chlorothalonil, was highly abundant in the early accelerating growth phenotype group.InterpretationEarly pregnancy lipid biology associated with fetal abdominal growth trajectories is an indicator of patterns of growth, adiposity, vision, and neurodevelopment up to the age of 2 years. Our findings could contribute to the earlier identification of infants at risk of obesity.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Project description:BackgroundFolic acid supplementation during pregnancy plays an important role in fetal growth and development. To our knowledge, no experimental study has examined the effect of folic acid on fetal brain growth in women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of higher-dose compared with standard-dose folic acid supplementation on prenatal fetal brain growth, measured by head circumference, brain weight, and brain-body weight ratio (BBR).DesignIn this randomly assigned, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, we recruited 345 smoking pregnant women attending a community health center in Tampa, FL between 2010 and 2014. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 0.8 mg folic acid/d (standard of care at the study center) or 4 mg folic acid/d (higher strength). Participants were also enrolled in a smoking cessation program. A 2-level linear growth model was used to assess treatment effect and factors that predict intrauterine growth in head circumference over time. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of higher-strength folic acid on head circumference at birth, fetal brain weight, and fetal BBRs.ResultsMothers who received the higher dose of folic acid had infants with a 1.18 mm larger mean head circumference compared with infants born to mothers who received the standard dose, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.2762). Higher-dose folic acid also had no significant effect on brain weight. The BBR of infants of mothers who received higher-dose folic acid was, however, 0.33 percentage points lower than that for infants of mothers who received the standard dose of folic acid (P = 0.044).ConclusionsInfants of smokers in pregnancy may benefit from higher-strength maternal folic acid supplementation. We noted a decrease in the proportion of infants with impaired BBR among those on higher-dose folic acid. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01248260.

Project description:ImportancePrenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been associated with birth size, but data on fetal growth and among racially/ethnically diverse pregnant women remain scarce.ObjectivesTo assess the association between maternal plasma POPs in early pregnancy and fetal growth and by infant sex and maternal race/ethnicity.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study used the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton cohort, which recruited nonobese, low-risk pregnant women before 14 weeks' gestation between July 1, 2009, and January 31, 2013, in 12 community-based clinics throughout the United States. Participants self-identified their race/ethnicity, self-reported their behavioral risk factors, and were followed up throughout their pregnancy. Data were analyzed from July 31, 2018, to June 3, 2019.ExposuresLevels of 76 POPs in early gestation plasma were measured: 11 perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, 1 polybrominated biphenyl, 9 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 44 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The bayesian kernel machine regression method was used to examine chemical class mixtures, and generalized additive mixed model was used to analyze individual chemicals.Main outcomes and measuresFourteen fetal biometrics were measured, including head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, within 5 ultrasonography appointments.ResultsA total of 2284 low-risk pregnant women were included: 606 women (26.5%) self-identified as white with a mean (SD) age of 30.3 (4.4) years, 589 (25.8%) as black with a mean (SD) age of 25.5 (5.5) years, 635 (27.8%) as Hispanic with a mean (SD) age of 27.1 (5.5) years, and 454 (19.9%) as Asian with a mean (SD) age of 30.5 (4.5) years. A comparison between the 75th and 25th percentile of exposure revealed that the OCP mixture was negatively associated with most fetal growth measures, with a reduction of 4.7 mm (95% CI, -6.7 to -2.8 mm) in head circumference, 3.5 mm (95% CI, -4.7 to -2.2 mm) in abdominal circumference, and 0.6 mm (95% CI, -1.1 to -0.2 mm) in femur length. Higher exposure to the PBDE mixture was associated with reduced abdominal circumference (-2.4 mm; 95% CI, -4.0 to -0.5 mm) and femur length (-0.5 mm; 95% CI, -1.0 to -0.1 mm), and the dioxin-like PCB mixture was associated with reduced head circumference (-6.4 mm; 95% CI, -8.4 to -4.3 mm) and abdominal circumference (-2.4 mm; 95% CI, -3.9 to -0.8 mm). Associations with individual chemicals were less consistent. There were some interactions by fetal sex, although most of the results did not vary by maternal race/ethnicity. For example, oxychlordane (-0.98 mm; 95% CI, -1.60 to -0.36 mm; P for interaction <.001), trans-nonachlor (-0.31 mm; 95% CI, -0.54 to -0.08 mm; P for interaction = .005), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (-0.19 mm; 95% CI, -0.22 to -0.09 mm; P for interaction = .006) were associated with shorter femur length among boys only.Conclusions and relevanceThis study found that, among pregnant women with low POP levels, a mixture of OCPs was negatively associated with most fetal growth measures and that mixtures of PBDEs and dioxin-like PCBs were associated with reduced abdominal circumference. These findings suggested that, although exposures may be low, associations with fetal growth are apparent.

Dataset Information

Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Effect of maternal smoking cessation before and during early pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets