MLB1 astrovirus in children with gastroenteritis, Italy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Medici MC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3884735 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:To determine the seroprevalence of astrovirus MLB1 (MLB1), an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established. MLB1 seropositivity was high in children <6 months old, decreased to a nadir at 12 to 23 months old, and increased to 100% by adulthood. MLB1 infection is common, and primary exposure occurs in childhood.
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Project description:The prevalence of the recently identified astrovirus MLB1 in a cohort of children with diarrhea in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, was defined by reverse transcription-PCR. Of 254 stool specimens collected in 2008, 4 were positive for astrovirus MLB1. These results show that astrovirus MLB1 is circulating in North America.
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Project description:In addition to the eight genotypes of classic human astroviruses, seven new genotypes have been reported from two novel clades, MLB and VA. However, the epidemiology of these highly diverse astroviruses remains largely unknown. We report here the complete genome sequences of two MLB1 strains from Bhutanese children with diarrhea.
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Project description:Astroviruses are a known cause of human diarrhea. Recently the highly divergent astrovirus MLB1 (MLB1) was identified in a stool sample from a patient with diarrhea. It has subsequently been detected in stool from individuals with and without diarrhea. To determine whether MLB1 is associated with diarrhea, we conducted a case control study of MLB1. In parallel, the prevalence of the classic human astroviruses (HAstVs) was also determined in the same case control cohort. 400 cases and 400 paired controls from a longitudinal birth cohort in Vellore, India were analyzed by RT-PCR. While HAstVs were associated with diarrhea (p = 0.029) in this cohort, MLB1 was not; 14 of the controls and 4 cases were positive for MLB1. Furthermore, MLB1 viral load did not differ significantly between the cases and controls. The role of MLB1 in human health still remains unknown and future studies are needed.
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Project description:We report data regarding the molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus (HAstV) infections among children in Madagascar. In a 13-month study, 5 HAstV isolates were detected in fecal samples from 237 children (2.1%) by reverse transcription-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed the cocirculation of usual and unusual HAstVs.
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Project description:Human astrovirus (HAstV) represents the third most common virus associated with acute diarrhea (AD). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HAstV infection in Brazilian children under 5 years of age with AD, investigate the presence of recently described HAstV strains, through extensive laboratory-based surveillance of enteric viral agents in three Brazilian coastal regions between 2005 and 2011. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the overall HAstV detection rate reached 7.1% (207/2.913) with percentage varying according to the geographic region: 3.9% (36/921) in the northeast, 7.9% in the south (71/903) and 9.2% in the southeast (100/1.089) (p < 0.001). HAstV were detected in cases of all age groups. Detection rates were slightly higher during the spring. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 320-bp ORF2 fragment revealed that HAstV-1 was the predominant genotype throughout the seven years of the study. The novel AstV-MLB1 was detected in two children with AD from a subset of 200 samples tested, demonstrating the circulation of this virus both the in northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil. These results provide additional epidemiological and molecular data on HAstV circulation in three Brazilian coastal regions, highlighting its potential to cause infantile AD.
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Project description:Human astrovirus (HAstV) is recognized as one of the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Data on the genetic diversity of HAstV in Nigeria are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of classical HAstV in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria. Fecal samples (331) as well as socio-demographic and clinical data were collected across the three senatorial districts of the state from February 2015 to April 2017. One hundred seventy-five samples were randomly selected and analyzed for the presence of HAstV using RT-PCR. PCR amplicons from positive samples were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was done to determine genotypes and lineages. The overall prevalence rate was 19.4% (34), with the highest occurrence observed in 2015 (41.4%). Viral coinfections were detected in 13 cases (38.2%). HAstV infection occurred throughout the year and in all age groups, mainly in the age group of 0-12 months. There was significant association between prevalence rate and collection year; however, no association was observed with gender, age, symptoms or risk factors. HAstV-5 was the predominant genotype (76.5%) circulating throughout the study period, followed by HAstV-1 (23.5%), which circulated only in the first 2 years of the study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all HAstV-5 strains detected belonged to the 5a lineage, while HAstV-1 strains were grouped into lineage 1b. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first comprehensive report on molecular characterization of classical HAstV among children with gastroenteritis in the country, and this will serve as baseline information for implementing appropriate infection control practices.
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Project description:Few data are available on the prevalence and features of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in hospitalized children in Italy, where specific rotavirus vaccines were introduced into the national vaccination plan in 2017. To evaluate vaccination effects on AGE epidemiology, we analysed data from children aged ≤ 18 years admitted for AGE at the University Hospital of Pisa in 2019, comparing them with those recorded in 2012. Demographical, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment data were collected reviewing medical records and were therefore compared. In 2019 and 2012, 86 (median age 2.5 years [IQR 1.4-5.9]) and 85 children (median age 2.3 years [IQR 1.3-5.1]) were respectively admitted with AGE. The most common symptoms were diarrhoea and vomiting; decreased skin turgor was more frequent in 2019 (54% and 34% respectively, p = 0.01). Viral infections were more common than bacterial ones; in 2019, a decrease in rotavirus infections (67% and 22%, p = 0.003) and an increase in adenovirus infections (50% and 10%, p = 0.002) and in the number of patients with negative stool testing (58% and 39%, p = 0.04) were found.Conclusions: Viral infections are the leading cause of AGE in hospitalized children in Italy. The introduction of rotavirus vaccines did not reduce the number of hospitalizations per year. Adenovirus and other non-routinely screened viruses may be undergoing a selection process making them common causative agents for AGE. What is Known: • Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, especially < 5 years of age. • The introduction of specific vaccines may be changing its epidemiology. • Few data are available on acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy. What is New: • Viral infections are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy. • Specific vaccines are reducing rotavirus infections, but adenovirus and other non-routinely screened viruses may be undergoing a selection process making them common causative agents for gastroenteritis.
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Project description:The etiology of a large proportion of gastrointestinal illness is unknown. In this study, random Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing approaches were used to analyze fecal specimens from a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in a child care center. Multiple sequences with limited identity to known astroviruses were identified. Assembly of the sequences and subsequent reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends generated a complete genome of 6,586 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus, named astrovirus VA1 (AstV-VA1), is highly divergent from all previously described astroviruses. Based on RT-PCR, specimens from multiple patients in this outbreak were unequivocally positive for Ast-VA1.
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