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Why won't you do what I want? The informative failures of children and models.

ABSTRACT: Computational models are powerful tools - too powerful, according to some. We argue that the idea that models can "do anything" is wrong, and describe how their failures have been informative. We present new work showing surprising diversity in the effects of feedback on children's task-switching, such that some children perseverate despite this feedback, other children switch as instructed, and yet others play an "opposites" game without truly switching to the newly-instructed task. We present simulations that demonstrate the failure of an otherwise-successful neural network model to capture this failure of children. Simulating this pattern motivates the inclusion of updating mechanisms that make contact with a growing literature on frontostriatal function, despite their absence in extant theories of the development of cognitive flexibility. We argue from this and other examples that computational models are more constrained than is typically acknowledged, and that their resulting failures can be theoretically illuminating.

SUBMITTER: Chatham CH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3894146 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Why won't you do what I want? The informative failures of children and models.

Chatham Christopher H CH Yerys Benjamin E BE Munakata Yuko Y

Cognitive development 20121001 4

Computational models are powerful tools - too powerful, according to some. We argue that the idea that models can "do anything" is wrong, and describe how their failures have been informative. We present new work showing surprising diversity in the effects of feedback on children's task-switching, such that some children perseverate despite this feedback, other children switch as instructed, and yet others play an "opposites" game without truly switching to the newly-instructed task. We present ...[more]

PMID: 24453404

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Project description:BackgroundMultiple clinical trials failed to demonstrate the efficacy of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine (HAT) in sepsis. These trials were dominated by patients with pulmonary sepsis and have not accounted for differences in the inflammatory responses across varying etiologies of injury/illness. Hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine have previously revealed tremendous benefits in animal peritonitis sepsis models (cecal ligation and puncture [CLP]) in contradiction to the various clinical trials. The impact of HAT remains unclear in pulmonary sepsis. Our objective was to investigate the impact of HAT in pneumonia, consistent with the predominate etiology in the discordant clinical trials. We hypothesized that, in a pulmonary sepsis model, HAT would act synergistically to reduce end-organ dysfunction by the altering the inflammatory response, in a unique manner compared with CLP.MethodsUsing Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, a pulmonary sepsis model (pneumonia [PNA]) was compared directly to previously investigated intra-abdominal sepsis models. Machine learning applied to early vital signs stratified animals into those predicted to die (pDie) versus predicted to live (pLive). Animals were then randomized to receive antibiotics and fluids (vehicle [VEH]) vs. HAT). Vitals, cytokines, vitamin C, and markers of liver and kidney function were assessed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and organ homogenates.ResultsPNA was induced in 119 outbred wild-type Institute of Cancer Research mice (predicted mortality approximately 50%) similar to CLP. In PNA, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in 72-hour bronchoalveolar lavage was lower with HAT (2.36 ng/mL) compared with VEH (4.88 ng/mL; p = 0.04). The remaining inflammatory cytokines and markers of liver/renal function showed no significant difference with HAT in PNA. PNA vitamin C levels were 0.62 mg/dL (pDie HAT), lower than vitamin C levels after CLP (1.195 mg/dL). Unlike CLP, PNA mice did not develop acute kidney injury (blood urea nitrogen: pDie, 33.5 mg/dL vs. pLive, 27.6 mg/dL; p = 0.17). Furthermore, following PNA, HAT did not significantly reduce microscopic renal oxidative stress (mean gray area: pDie, 16.64 vs. pLive, 6.88; p = 0.93). Unlike CLP where HAT demonstrated a survival benefit, HAT had no impact on survival in PNA.ConclusionHydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine therapy has minimal benefits in pneumonia. The inflammatory response induced by pulmonary sepsis is unique compared with the response during intra-abdominal sepsis. Consequently, different etiologies of sepsis respond differently to HAT therapy.

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Why won't you do what I want? The informative failures of children and models.

Publications

Why won't you do what I want? The informative failures of children and models.

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