Project description:A 17-month-old boy in India with severe acute respiratory infection was laboratory confirmed to have avian influenza A(H9N2) virus infection. Complete genome analysis of the strain indicated a mixed lineage of G1 and H7N3. The strain also was found to be susceptible to adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors.
Project description:Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus mainly transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. However, alternative transmission routes can occur. In this study, we show the accidental transmission of virus from an infected mouse to a human during the experimental manipulation. This study describes the patient clinical manifestations and virus genome identification.
Project description:Of 7,772 laboratory-confirmed cases of respiratory viral infection among hospitalized patients, 22.8% were categorized as having hospital-acquired infection. The overall incidence of hospital-acquired respiratory viral infection was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.7-4.1) cases per 1,000 admitted patients. Rhinovirus was the most common virus (30.3%), followed by influenza virus (17.6%) and parainfluenza virus (15.6%).
Project description:Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a serious public health problem since the first major outbreak in 2007. Current ZIKV diagnostic methods can successfully identify known ZIKV but are impossible to track the origin of viruses and pathogens other than known ZIKV strains. We planned to determine the ability of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) in clinical epidemiology by evaluating whether it can successfully detect the origin of ZIKV in a suspected case of laboratory-acquired infection (LAI). ZIKV found in the patient sample was sequenced with nanopore sequencing technology, followed by the production of the phylogenetic tree, based on the alignment of 38 known ZIKV strains with the consensus sequence. The closest viral strain with the consensus sequence was the strain used in the laboratory, with a percent identity of 99.27%. We think WGS showed its time-effectiveness and ability to detect the difference between strains to the level of a single base. Additionally, to determine the global number of LAIs, a literature review of articles published in the last 10 years was performed, and 53 reports of 338 LAIs were found. The lack of a universal reporting system was worrisome, as in the majority of cases (81.1%), the exposure route was unknown.
Project description:Despite advances in laboratory design, professional training, and workplace biosafety guidelines, laboratory-acquired infections continue to occur. Effective tools are required to investigate cases and prevent future illness. Here, we demonstrate the value of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for the identification and source attribution of laboratory-acquired salmonellosis.
Project description:Scrub typhus is a vector borne disease which in a proportion of patients causes multiorgan involvement and death if untreated. Infecting genotype and virulence factors play a role in severity of infection and outcome. The current prospective cohort study was undertaken to elucidate the severity of illness in scrub typhus patients and to identify the circulating genotypes in Karnataka, India. A total of 214 patients of either gender from 9 districts of Karnataka and one patient each from Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, India were enrolled in the study. With a predefined severity criterion, 132 patients were segregated to the severe group. Multi organ involvement was seen in 59 (44.69%) patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed JG-v like (48.97%), Karp-like (26.53%), JG-like (22.44%), and Kato-like (2.04%) strains in Karnataka. Patients infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp-like strains had respiratory involvement (69.2%), cardiovascular involvement (46.2%) and thrombocytopenia (23.1%) and required higher hospital resource utilization.
Project description:Zika virus infection closely resembles dengue fever. It is possible that many cases are misdiagnosed or missed. We report a case of Zika virus infection in an Australian traveler who returned from Indonesia with fever and rash. Further case identification is required to determine the evolving epidemiology of this disease.
Project description:The mouse model for Ebola virus (EBOV) is an established and often used animal model for countermeasure development. Although it has its limitations, it recapitulates certain key features of human EBOV disease and principally shows uniform lethality. However, in the recent past, several studies reported surviving animals when evaluating treatment or vaccine approaches. Therefore, we analyzed the severity of disease and lethality of mouse-adapted (MA-) EBOV infection in 6 different mouse strains. We identified outbred CD-1 mice to be the only strain tested resulting in uniform lethality when infected with different doses of MA-EBOV or reverse genetics-generated MA-EBOV. In contrast, infection of different inbred mouse strains resulted in partial survival depending on virus and dose. Of these inbred strains, 129 mice provided the most consistent model. Our study provides a helpful dataset when planning EBOV mouse studies for countermeasure efficacy testing and highlights the limitations of certain mouse strains as EBOV models.
Project description:PurposeTick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE), a disease caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV), is emerging in Italy. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, imaging and electroencephalogram characteristics in Belluno, North-East Italy.Results76% were males, mean age 53 years; 50% did not report tick bite. 72% had a biphasic course, 42% a monophasic one, 8 cases of abortive TBE. Mostly no specific symptoms were observed, together with neurological signs and symptoms. None died, but 35% had sequelae at the one-month follow-up. Men had a higher risk of having neurological/neurocognitive sequelae; paresthesia or tremors were associated independently with sequelae. In terms of laboratory data, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and lymphocytosis were associated with the first phase (p < .01), while monocytosis, lymphocytopenia, high levels of ESR and CRP with the second (p < .05). Other abnormal laboratory data were observed: high levels of transaminases, bilirubin, GGT, fibrinogen, amylase, LDH, CPK and electrolyte disorders. Most of the liquor showed pleocytosis and increased protein levels. No specific findings characterized imaging; electroencephalogram mainly reported general and focal anomalies in the temporal lobe.ConclusionsAlthough patients have not reported a tick bite, TBEV infection should be considered for diagnosis. Usually no specific symptoms are reported along with neurological signs and symptoms. The biphasic course is more often described than the monophasic course; abortive TBE is sometimes present. Paresthesia and tremors are independently associated with neurological/neurocognitive sequelae; men have a higher risk of having sequelae. The first phase is probably associated with thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and lymphocytosis; the second with monocytosis, lymphocytopenia, high levels of CRP and ESR. Electrolyte disorders, high levels of transaminases, GGT, bilirubin, CPK, LDH, fibrinogen and amylase may characterize TBEV infection.
Project description:Chikungunya fever is a major public health issue in India. Re-emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in West Bengal was detected after 32 years in 2006. After 2010, this infection was in apparent decline, but in 2016 a massive outbreak affected the country. Present study was carried out to understand CHIKV infection dynamics during recent outbreaks in West Bengal, Eastern India and its implication on disease manifestations. Blood was collected from 641 symptomatic patients. Patients' sera were serologically diagnosed to detect presence of anti-chikungunya-IgM antibodies. Viral RNA was extracted; presence of CHIKV genome and its respective viral load was determined by real time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (real-time qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis was performed using EPI INFO software. CHIKV infection was detected in 24.64% of symptomatic patients. Middle-aged patients (31-40 years) were predominantly affected; clinically, both arthralgia and joint-swelling were significantly prevalent among CHIKV-infected patients. Myalgia, joint-swelling, and arthralgic manifestation were found in significantly higher frequency among patients with high chikungunya viral load (>?10,000 copies/ml). Thus, this study clearly indicated the re-emergence of CHIKV in Eastern India. Significant presence of myalgia, joint swelling, and arthralgia among chikungunya patients with high viral load implied association of disease severity with viral load; requiring vigilance for proper management of infected patients as this disease is highly morbid in nature. However, in addition to chikungunya virus, other viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections also occur during post-monsoon season in India, having overlapping symptoms. Hence, continuous monitoring of these infections is required for better clinical management of patients.