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Using notochordal cells of developmental origin to stimulate nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow stromal cells for intervertebral disc regeneration.

ABSTRACT: PURPOSE: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been proposed to complement the declining population of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) found in a degenerative intervertebral disc. Although able to stop degeneration, they could not produce enough matrix to restore a healthy state. Looking at development, when a large amount of matrix is produced, the disc also contains notochordal cells (NCs), potential progenitors or regulators of NPCs. The aim of the study was, therefore, to combine NCs to a BMSC/NPC mix and evaluate their effects on cell phenotype and matrix production, in long-term culture. METHODS: In a 3D hydrogel, NCs were co-cultured in different ratios with BMSCs and/or NPCs. Matrix production, cell morphology, and gene expression of disc markers were assessed after 4 weeks of culture. RESULTS: At day 28, BMSCs/NPCs highly expressed disc matrix markers (type II collagen and aggrecan) and produced disc matrix up to 30 % of values obtained for the positive control (BMSCs under TGF? stimulation). The addition of NCs only slightly up-regulated marker expression (6-12× increase); an up-regulation not reflected at the matrix level. During the 4 weeks of culture, however, the NC phenotype changed drastically (morphology, disc marker expression). CONCLUSION: In contrast to previously reported short-term studies, long-term co-cultures with NCs had no substantial effects on BMSCs and NPCs, most likely due to the loss of the NC native phenotype during culture. It, therefore, appears critical to maintain this specific phenotype for a long-term effect of the NCs.

SUBMITTER: Potier E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3940810 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Using notochordal cells of developmental origin to stimulate nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow stromal cells for intervertebral disc regeneration.

Potier Esther E Ito Keita K

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 20131121 3

<h4>Purpose</h4>Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been proposed to complement the declining population of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) found in a degenerative intervertebral disc. Although able to stop degeneration, they could not produce enough matrix to restore a healthy state. Looking at development, when a large amount of matrix is produced, the disc also contains notochordal cells (NCs), potential progenitors or regulators of NPCs. The aim of the study was, therefore, to combine NCs t ...[more]

PMID: 24258526

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Project description:The relative resistance of non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) canines to degenerative disc disease (DDD) may be due to a combination of anabolic and anti-catabolic factors secreted by notochordal cells within the intervertebral disc (IVD) nucleus pulposus (NP). Factors known to induce DDD include interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and/or Fas-Ligand (Fas-L). Therefore we evaluated the ability of notochordal cell conditioned medium (NCCM) to protect NP cells from IL-1ß and IL-1ß +FasL-mediated cell death and degeneration.We cultured bovine NP cells with IL-1ß or IL-1ß+FasL under hypoxic serum-free conditions (3.5% O2) and treated the cells with either serum-free NCCM or basal medium (Advanced DMEM/F-12). We used flow cytometry to evaluate cell death and real-time (RT-)PCR to determine the gene expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and link protein, mediators of matrix degradation ADAMTS-4 and MMP3, the matrix protection molecule TIMP1, the cluster of differentiation (CD)44 receptor, the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and Ank. We then determined the expression of specific apoptotic pathways in bovine NP cells by characterizing the expression of activated caspases-3, -8 and -9 in the presence of IL-1ß+FasL when cultured with NCCM, conditioned medium obtained using bovine NP cells (BCCM), and basal medium all supplemented with 2% FBS.NCCM inhibits bovine NP cell death and apoptosis via suppression of activated caspase-9 and caspase-3/7. Furthermore, NCCM protects NP cells from the degradative effects of IL-1ß and IL-1ß+Fas-L by up-regulating the expression of anabolic/matrix protective genes (aggrecan, collagen type 2, CD44, link protein and TIMP-1) and down-regulating matrix degrading genes such as MMP-3. Expression of ADAMTS-4, which encodes a protein for aggrecan remodeling, is increased. NCCM also protects against IL-1+FasL-mediated down-regulation of Ank expression. Furthermore, NP cells treated with NCCM in the presence of IL-1ß+Fas-L down-regulate the expression of IL-6 by almost 50%. BCCM does not mediate cell death/apoptosis in target bovine NP cells.Notochordal cell-secreted factors suppress NP cell death by inhibition of activated caspase-9 and -3/7 activity and by up-regulating genes contributing anabolic activity and matrix protection of the IVD NP. Harnessing the restorative powers of the notochordal cell could lead to novel cellular and molecular strategies in the treatment of DDD.

Project description:Conditioned medium derived from notochordal cell-rich nucleus pulposus tissue (NCCM) was previously shown to have a stimulatory effect on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) individually, in mixed species in vitro cell models. The objective of the current study was to assess the stimulatory effect of NCCM on NPCs in a homologous canine in vitro model and to investigate whether combined stimulation with NCCM and addition of BMSCs provides a synergistic stimulatory effect.BMSCs and NPCs were harvested from chondrodystrophic dogs with confirmed early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. NCCM was produced from NP tissue of nonchondrodystrophic dogs with healthy IVDs. BMSCs or NPCs alone (3×10(6) cells/mL) and NPCs+BMSCs (6×10(6) cells/mL; mixed 1:1) were cultured for 4 weeks in 1.2% alginate beads under base medium (BM), NCCM, or with addition of 10?ng/mL transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) as a positive control. Beads were assessed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA contents by biochemical assays, GAG deposition by Alcian blue staining, and gene expression (aggrecan, versican, collagen 1 and 2, SOX9, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 [MMP13]) with real-time quantitative RT-PCR.NCCM increased NPC proliferation, proteoglycan production, and expression of genes associated with a healthy NP-like phenotype. BMSCs also showed increased proteoglycan production under NCCM, but these effects were not observed at the gene level. Combined stimulation of NPCs with NCCM and coculturing with BMSCs did not result in increased proteoglycan content compared to stimulation with NCCM alone.NCCM stimulates matrix production by both NPCs and BMSCs and directs NPCs toward a healthier phenotype. NCCM is therefore promising for IVD regeneration and identification of the bioactive components will be helpful to further develop this approach. In the current study, no synergistic effect of adding BMSCs was observed.

Project description:Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have shown promising potential to stop intervertebral disc degeneration in several animal models. In order to restore a healthy state, though, this potential should be further stimulated. Notochordal cells (NCs), influential in disc development, have been shown to stimulate BMSC differentiation, but it is unclear how this effect will translate in an environment where resident disc cells (nucleus pulposus cells [NPCs]) could also influence BMSCs. The goal of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of NCs on BMSCs when cocultured with NPCs, in a simplified 3D in vitro system. Bovine BMSCs and NPCs were mixed (Mix) and seeded into alginate beads. Using culture inserts, the Mix was then cocultured with porcine NCs (alginate beads) and compared to coculture with empty beads or porcine skin fibroblasts (SFs, alginate beads). NPCs alone were also cocultured with NCs, and BMSCs alone cultured under chondrogenic conditions. The effects of coculture conditions on cell viability, matrix production (proteoglycan and collagen), and gene expression of disc markers (aggrecan, type II collagen, and SOX9) were assessed after 4 weeks of culture. The NC phenotype and gene expression profile were also analyzed. Coculture with NCs did not significantly influence cell viability, proteoglycan production, or disc marker gene expression of the Mix. When compared to NPCs, the Mix produced the same amount of proteoglycan and displayed a higher expression of disc marker, indicating a stimulation of the BMSCs (and/or NPCs) in the Mix. Additionally, during the 4 weeks of culture, the NC phenotype changed drastically (morphology, gene expression profile). These results show that NCs might not be as stimulatory for BMSCs in an NPC-rich environment, as believed from individual cultures. This absence of effects could be explained by a mild stimulation provided by (de)differentiating NCs and the costimulation of BMSCs and NPCs by each other.

Project description:STUDY DESIGN:Profiling proteins expressed in the nucleus pulposus of fetal intervertebral disc (IVD). PURPOSE:To evaluate the molecular complexity of fetal IVDs not exposed to mechanical, traumatic, inflammatory, or infective insults to generate improved knowledge on disc homeostasis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE:Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal disorder, causing a significant reduction in the quality of life, and degenerative disc disorders mainly contribute to the increasing socioeconomic burden. Despite extensive research, the causative pathomechanisms behind degenerative disc disorders are poorly understood. Precise molecular studies on the intricate biological processes involved in maintaining normal disc homeostasis are needed. METHODS:IVDs of nine fetal specimens obtained from medical abortions were used to dissect out the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus under sterile operating conditions. Dissected tissues were transferred to sterile Cryovials and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen before transporting to the research laboratory for protein extraction and further liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) analysis. Collected data were further analyzed using Gene Functional Classification Tool in DAVID and STRING databases. RESULTS:A total of 1,316 proteins were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis of nine fetal IVD tissues. Approximately 247 proteins present in at least four fetal discs were subjected to further bioinformatic analysis. The following 10 clusters of proteins were identified: collagens, ribosomal proteins, small leucine-rich proteins, matrilin and thrombospondin, annexins, protein disulfide isomerase family proteins and peroxiredoxins, tubulins, histones, hemoglobin, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase family proteins. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides fundamental information on the proteome networks involved in the growth and development of healthy fetal discs in humans. Systematic cataloging of proteins involved in various structural and regulatory processes has been performed. Proteins expressed most abundantly (collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain, biglycan, matrilin 1, and thrombospondin 1) in their respective clusters also elucidate the possibility of utilizing these proteins for potential regenerative therapies.

Project description:Background contextLow back pain, affecting nearly 40% of adults, mainly results from intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), while the pathogenesis of IVDD is still not fully elucidated. Recently, some researches have revealed that necroptosis, a programmed necrosis, participated in the progression of IVDD, nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.PurposeTo study the mechanism of necroptosis of Nucleus Pulposus (NP) cells in IVDD, focusing on the role of MyD88 signaling.Study designThe expression and co-localization of necroptotic indicators and MyD88 were examined in vivo, and MyD88 inhibitor was applied to determine the role of MyD88 signaling in necroptosis of NP cells in vitro.MethodsHuman disc specimens were collected from patients receiving diskectomy for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) or traumatic lumbar fractures after MRI scanning. According to the Pfirrmann grades, they were divided into normal (Grades 1, 2) and degenerated groups (4, 5). Tissue slides were prepared for immunofluorescence to assess the co-localization of necroptotic indicators (RIP3, MLKL, p-MLKL) and MyD88 histologically. The combination of TNFα, LPS and Z-VAD-FMK was applied to induce necroptosis of NP cells. Level of ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), live-cell staining and electron microscope study were employed to study the role of MyD88 signaling in necroptosis of NP cells.ResultsIn vivo, the increased expression and co-localization of necroptotic indicators (RIP3, MLKL, p-MLKL) and MyD88 were found in NP cells of degenerated disc, while very l low fluorescence intensity in tissue of traumatic lumbar fractures. In vitro, the MyD88 inhibitor effectively rescued the necroptosis of NP cells, accompanied by increased viability, ATP level, and decreased ROS level. The effect of MyD88 inhibition on necroptosis of NP cells was further confirmed by ultrastructure of mitochondria shown by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).ConclusionOur results indicated that the involvement of MyD88 signaling in the necroptosis of NP cells in IVDD, which will replenish the pathogenesis of IVDD and provide a novel potential therapeutic target for IVDD.

Project description:BackgroundRecently, Tie2/TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie2 or syn. angiopoietin-1 receptor) positive nucleus pulposus progenitor cells were detected in human, cattle, and mouse. These cells show remarkable multilineage differentiation capacity and direct correlation with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and are therefore an interesting target for regenerative strategies. Nevertheless, there remains controversy over the presence and function of these Tie2+ nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), in part due to the difficulty of identification and isolation.PurposeHere, we present a comprehensive protocol for sorting of Tie2+ NPCs from human, canine, bovine, and murine IVD tissue. We describe enhanced conditions for expansion and an optimized fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based methodology to sort and analyze Tie2+ NPCs.MethodsWe present flow cytometry protocols to isolate the Tie2+ cell population for the aforementioned species. Moreover, we describe crucial pitfalls to prevent loss of Tie2+ NPCs from the IVD cell population during the isolation process. A cross-species phylogenetic analysis of Tie2 across species is presented.ResultsOur protocols are efficient towards labeling and isolation of Tie2+ NPCs. The total flow cytometry procedure requires approximately 9 hours, cell isolation 4 to 16 hours, cell expansion can take up to multiple weeks, dependent on the application, age, disease state, and species. Phylogenetic analysis of the TEK gene revealed a strong homology among species.ConclusionsCurrent identification of Tie2+ cells could be confirmed in bovine, canine, mouse, and human specimens. The presented flow cytometry protocol can successfully sort these multipotent cells. The biological function of isolated cells based on Tie2+ expression needs to be confirmed by functional assays such as in vitro differentiation. in vitro culture conditions to maintain and their possible proliferation of the Tie2+ fraction is the subject of future research.

Dataset Information

Using notochordal cells of developmental origin to stimulate nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow stromal cells for intervertebral disc regeneration.

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Using notochordal cells of developmental origin to stimulate nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow stromal cells for intervertebral disc regeneration.

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