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Immune activation markers in peripartum women in Botswana: association with feeding strategy and maternal morbidity.

ABSTRACT: Hormone levels shift the immune state in HIV-uninfected pregnant and breastfeeding women away from Th1 responses and toward regulation to permit fetal tolerance. Limited data exist on inflammation during pregnancy or postpartum in HIV-infected women, though certain inflammatory markers are associated with adverse health outcomes among HIV-infected persons. We measured hsCRP, D-dimer, IFN-?, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-? at 34 weeks gestation and six months postpartum in HIV-infected women from the Botswana Mashi PMTCT trial who were randomized to breastfeeding or formula-feeding. Differences in inflammatory markers between gestation and postpartum periods, and by randomized feeding method, were estimated using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for baseline plasma HIV-1 viral load, CD4 count, calendar time, and antiretroviral treatment status. Additionally, we studied the association between marker concentrations at six months postpartum and major adverse clinical events over the following 4.5 years, using case-cohort sampling and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. In 86 breastfeeding and 75 formula-feeding women, hsCRP and D-dimer decreased significantly between 34 weeks gestation and six months postpartum, while IFN-? increased. There was no significant association between inflammatory marker change and randomized feeding method after adjusting for multiple comparisons and removing outliers. In univariate analysis, TNF-?, D-dimer, and IFN-? concentrations at six months postpartum were significant predictors of subsequent clinical events, and TNF-? remained significant in multivariate analysis (HR?=?4.16, p?=?0.001). In young HIV-infected women in Botswana inflammatory marker concentrations did not differ significantly between women who breast- vs. formula-fed. However, postpartum TNF-? level was predictive of subsequent adverse clinical event.

SUBMITTER: Russell ES

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3962339 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Immune activation markers in peripartum women in Botswana: association with feeding strategy and maternal morbidity.

Russell Elizabeth S ES Mohammed Terence T Smeaton Laura L Jorowe Baitshepi B MacLeod Iain J IJ Hoffman Risa M RM Currier Judith S JS Moyo Sikhulile S Essex Max M Lockman Shahin S

PloS one 20140321 3

Hormone levels shift the immune state in HIV-uninfected pregnant and breastfeeding women away from Th1 responses and toward regulation to permit fetal tolerance. Limited data exist on inflammation during pregnancy or postpartum in HIV-infected women, though certain inflammatory markers are associated with adverse health outcomes among HIV-infected persons. We measured hsCRP, D-dimer, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α at 34 weeks gestation and six months postpartum in HIV-infected women from the Botsw ...[more]

PMID: 24657960

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Project description:BackgroundInformation about postpartum maternal morbidity in developing countries is limited and often based on information obtained from hospitals. As a result, the reports do not usually reflect the true magnitude of obstetric complications and poor management at delivery. In Morocco, little is known about obstetric maternal morbidity. Our aim was to measure and identify the causes of postpartum morbidity 6 weeks after delivery and to compare women's perception of their health during this period to their medical diagnoses.MethodsWe did a cross-sectional study of all women, independent of place of delivery, in Al Massira district, Marrakech, from December 2010 to March 2012. All women were clinically examined 6 to 8 weeks postpartum for delivery-related morbidities. We coupled a clinical examination with a questionnaire and laboratory tests (hemoglobin).ResultsDuring postpartum consultation, 44% of women expressed at least one complaint. Complaints related to mental health were most often reported (10%), followed by genital infections (8%). Only 9% of women sought treatment for their symptoms before the postpartum visit. Women who were aged ≥30 years, employed, belonged to highest socioeconomic class, and had obstetric complications during birth or delivered in a private facility or at home were more likely to report a complaint. Overall, 60% of women received a medical diagnosis related to their complaint, most of which were related to gynecological problems (22%), followed by laboratory-confirmed anemia (19%). Problems related to mental health represented only 5% of the diagnoses. The comparative analysis between perceived and diagnosed morbidity highlighted discrepancies between complaints that women expressed during their postpartum consultation and those they received from a physician.ConclusionsA better understanding of postpartum complaints is one of the de facto essential elements to ensuring quality of care for women. Sensitizing and training clinicians in mental health services is important to respond to women's needs and improve the quality of maternal care.

Project description:ObjectivesTo perform a multidimensional assessment of women who experienced severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and its short-term and medium-term impact on the lives and health of women and their children.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingA tertiary maternity hospital from the southeast region of Brazil.ParticipantsThe exposed population was selected from intensive care unit admissions if presenting any diagnostic criteria for SMM. Controls were randomly selected among women without SMM admitted to the same maternity and same time of childbirth.Primary and secondary outcome variablesValidated tools were applied, addressing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and quality of life (SF-36) by phone, and then general and reproductive health, functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule), sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)), substance abuse (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test 2.0) and growth/development (Denver Developmental Screening Test) of children born in the index pregnancy in a face-to-face interview.ResultsAll instruments were applied to 638 women (315 had SMM; 323 were controls, with the assessment of 264 and 307 children, respectively). SF-36 score was significantly lower in the SMM group, while PTSD score was similar between groups. Women who had SMM became more frequently sterile, had more abnormal clinical conditions after the index pregnancy and a higher score for altered functioning, while proportions of FSFI score or any drug use were similar between groups. Furthermore, children from the SMM group were more likely to have weight (threefold) and height (1.5 fold) for age deficits and also impaired development (1.5-fold).ConclusionSMM impairs some aspects of the lives of women and their children. The focus should be directed towards monitoring these women and their children after birth, ensuring accessibility to health services and reducing short-term and medium-term repercussions on physical, reproductive and psychosocial health.

Project description:BackgroundWomen living with HIV-1 (WLHIV) are at higher risk of having an adverse birth outcome, but the underlying mechanism(s) are unknown. We hypothesized that HIV-associated endothelial activation could adversely impact placental function and lead to impaired fetal growth or stillbirth.MethodsWe used stored samples from WLHIV and HIV-negative women who had enrolled during pregnancy in the observational Botswana Tshipidi cohort. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. We measured plasma levels of markers of endothelial activation (soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM-1], intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1] and E-selectin) from samples taken during pregnancy. We compared log10 biomarker levels by maternal HIV status and by the timing of ART initiation (ART prior to conception vs. during pregnancy; ART prior to sample collection vs. no ART prior to sampling) using t-tests and the Kruskal-Wallis rank test. We evaluated the association between these biomarkers and adverse birth outcomes (composite of stillbirth or small for gestational age [SGA]) using univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression controlling for maternal age (continuous) and timing of ART start. We also used generalized linear models (GLM) to evaluate the association between continuous birthweight (in grams) and gestational age (in weeks) and markers of endothelial dysfunction, adjusting for maternal age (continuous) and timing of ART relative to sample collection.ResultsSpecimens collected before delivery were available for 414 women (372 WLHIV and 42 HIV-negative women), with a median age of 28 years and median gestational age at sample collection of 30 weeks (range 26, 35 weeks). WLHIV had significantly higher median VCAM1 (p = 0.002) than HIV-negative women, but HIV-negative women had higher median ICAM1 (p = 0.01); e-Selectin levels did not differ by maternal HIV status. Women starting ART during pregnancy had higher log10 VCAM1 levels than those on ART before conception, regardless of whether the sample was collected before (p = 0.02) or after (p = 0.03) ART initiation. However, ICAM1 and e-Selectin did not differ significantly by ART status or ART timing. Ninety-eight women (91 WLHIV and 7 HIV-negative), or 9 (2%) and 89 (22%) included in this study, had a stillborn or SGA baby respectively. Univariate and adjusted analyses did not show significant associations between levels of any of the biomarkers with these adverse birth outcomes. However, lower birthweight (p = 0.03) and lower gestational age at delivery were associated e-Selectin and ICAM (p = 0.008), respectively.ConclusionMaternal HIV infection and lack of ART (or recent ART initiation) were associated with one marker of greater endothelial activation (VCAM-1), but not with other markers (ICAM-1 nor E-selectin) in pregnancy. e-Selectin was associated with lower birthweight and every unit increase in log ICAM-1 at delivery was associated with lower gestation age at delivery.

Dataset Information

Immune activation markers in peripartum women in Botswana: association with feeding strategy and maternal morbidity.

Publications

Immune activation markers in peripartum women in Botswana: association with feeding strategy and maternal morbidity.

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