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Elastic anisotropy of experimental analogues of perovskite and post-perovskite help to interpret D'' diversity.

ABSTRACT: Recent studies show that the D'' layer, just above the Earth's core-mantle boundary, is composed of MgSiO3 post-perovskite and has significant lateral inhomogeneity. Here we consider the D'' diversity as related to the single-crystal elasticity of the post-perovskite phase. We measure the single-crystal elasticity of the perovskite Pbnm-CaIrO3 and post-perovskite Cmcm-CaIrO3 using inelastic X-ray scattering. These materials are structural analogues to same phases of MgSiO3. Our results show that Cmcm-CaIrO3 is much more elastically anisotropic than Pbnm-CaIrO3, which offers an explanation for the enigmatic seismic wave velocity jump at the D'' discontinuity. Considering the relation between lattice preferred orientation and seismic anisotropy in the D'' layer, we suggest that the c axis of post-perovskite MgSiO3 aligns vertically beneath the Circum-Pacific rim, and the b axis vertically beneath the Central Pacific.

SUBMITTER: Yoneda A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3974219 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Elastic anisotropy of experimental analogues of perovskite and post-perovskite help to interpret D'' diversity.

Yoneda Akira A Fukui Hiroshi H Xu Fang F Nakatsuka Akihiko A Yoshiasa Akira A Seto Yusuke Y Ono Kenya K Tsutsui Satoshi S Uchiyama Hiroshi H Baron Alfred Q R AQ

Nature communications 20140327

Recent studies show that the D'' layer, just above the Earth's core-mantle boundary, is composed of MgSiO3 post-perovskite and has significant lateral inhomogeneity. Here we consider the D'' diversity as related to the single-crystal elasticity of the post-perovskite phase. We measure the single-crystal elasticity of the perovskite Pbnm-CaIrO3 and post-perovskite Cmcm-CaIrO3 using inelastic X-ray scattering. These materials are structural analogues to same phases of MgSiO3. Our results show that ...[more]

PMID: 24670790

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Project description:Knowledge of the nature of the elastic symmetry of trabecular bone is fundamental to the study of bone adaptation and failure. Previous studies have classified human vertebral trabecular bone as orthotropic or transversely isotropic but have typically obtained samples from only selected regions of the centrum. In this study, the elastic symmetry of human vertebral trabecular bone was characterized using microfinite element (?FE) analyses performed on 1019 cubic regions of side length equal to 5 mm, obtained via thorough sampling of the centrums of 18 human L1 vertebrae (age?=?81.17?±?7.7?yr; eight males and ten females). An optimization procedure was used to find the closest orthotropic representation of the resulting stiffness tensor for each cube. The orthotropic elastic constants and orientation of the principal elastic axes were then recorded for each cube and were compared to the constants predicted from Cowin's fabric-based constitutive model (Cowin, 1985, "The Relationship Between the Elasticity Tensor and the Fabric Tensor," Mech. Mater., 4(2), pp. 137-147.) and the orientation of the principal axes of the fabric tensor, respectively. Deviations from orthotropy were quantified by the "orthotropic error" (van Rietbergen et al., 1996, "Direct Mechanics Assessment of Elastic Symmetries and Properties of Trabecular Bone Architecture," J. Biomech., 29(12), pp. 1653-1657), and deviations from transverse isotropy were determined by statistical comparison of the secondary and tertiary elastic moduli. The orthotropic error was greater than 50% for nearly half of the cubes, and the secondary and tertiary moduli differed from one another (p?<?0.0001). Both the orthotropic error and the difference between secondary and tertiary moduli decreased with increasing bone volume fraction (BV/TV; p???0.007). Considering only the cubes with an orthotropic error less than 50%, only moderate correlations were observed between the fabric-based and the ?FE-computed elastic moduli (R2???0.337; p?<?0.0001). These results indicate that when using a criterion of 5?mm for a representative volume element (RVE), transverse isotropy or orthotropy cannot be assumed for elderly human vertebral trabecular bone. Particularly at low values of BV/TV, this criterion does not ensure applicability of theories of continuous media. In light of the very sparse and inhomogeneous microstructure found in the specimens analyzed in this study, further work is needed to establish guidelines for selecting a RVE within the aged vertebral centrum.

Project description:BackgroundThe functions of human cells are carried out by biomolecular networks, which include proteins, genes, and regulatory sites within DNA that encode and control protein expression. Models of biomolecular network structure and dynamics can be inferred from high-throughput measurements of gene and protein expression. We build on our previously developed fuzzy logic method for bridging quantitative and qualitative biological data to address the challenges of noisy, low resolution high-throughput measurements, i.e., from gene expression microarrays. We employ an evolutionary search algorithm to accelerate the search for hypothetical fuzzy biomolecular network models consistent with a biological data set. We also develop a method to estimate the probability of a potential network model fitting a set of data by chance. The resulting metric provides an estimate of both model quality and dataset quality, identifying data that are too noisy to identify meaningful correlations between the measured variables.ResultsOptimal parameters for the evolutionary search were identified based on artificial data, and the algorithm showed scalable and consistent performance for as many as 150 variables. The method was tested on previously published human cell cycle gene expression microarray data sets. The evolutionary search method was found to converge to the results of exhaustive search. The randomized evolutionary search was able to converge on a set of similar best-fitting network models on different training data sets after 30 generations running 30 models per generation. Consistent results were found regardless of which of the published data sets were used to train or verify the quantitative predictions of the best-fitting models for cell cycle gene dynamics.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the capability of scalable evolutionary search for fuzzy network models to address the problem of inferring models based on complex, noisy biomolecular data sets. This approach yields multiple alternative models that are consistent with the data, yielding a constrained set of hypotheses that can be used to optimally design subsequent experiments.

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Elastic anisotropy of experimental analogues of perovskite and post-perovskite help to interpret D'' diversity.

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Elastic anisotropy of experimental analogues of perovskite and post-perovskite help to interpret D'' diversity.

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