Geographic and facility-level variation in the use of peritoneal dialysis in Canada: a cohort study.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Peritoneal dialysis is associated with similar survival and similar improvement in quality of life and is less costly compared with in-centre hemodialysis. We examined facility and geographic variation in the use of peritoneal dialysis in Canada.Methods
We analyzed data from the Canadian Organ Replacement Register for the period January 2001 to December 2010. We identified patients for whom peritoneal dialysis was the primary modality at 90 days after initiation of dialysis. We used multilevel models to evaluate variation in use of peritoneal dialysis by facility and geographic region.Results
We analyzed data for 31 778 incident dialysis patients at 56 facilities in 13 geographic regions across Canada. Use of peritoneal dialysis at 90 days varied considerably across geographic regions (range 19.8%-36.1%) and declined over time, from 28.8% in 2001 to 22.5% in 2010. After adjustment for case mix and facility-level quality indicators, 9.3% and 3.4% of the variability was attributable to facility and geographic factors, respectively. In adjusted models, there was a substantial difference between geographic regions with the lowest and highest peritoneal dialysis use (odds ratio for high use 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-1.73 v. odds ratio for low use 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.79).Interpretation
In Canada, substantial variability in the use of peritoneal dialysis attributable to facility and geographic region was not explained by differences in patient case mix. An opportunity exists to optimize use of this cost-effective therapy through changes in policy and standardization of criteria for initiation of peritoneal dialysis.
SUBMITTER: Sood MM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3985977 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ImportanceCurrent guidelines lack consensus regarding the treatment of patients who may not benefit from dialysis; this lack of consensus may be associated with the substantial variation in dialysis use and outcomes across health care facilities.ObjectiveTo assess the degree to which variation in dialysis use and mortality was associated with patient rather than facility characteristics and to distinguish which features identified the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities with high rates of dialysis use.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study analyzed data of veterans with stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease that progressed to kidney failure between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2014. These patients received care from VA facilities across the US. Data sources included laboratory and administrative records from the VA, Medicare, and United States Renal Data System. Data analysis was conducted from August 1, 2019, to September 1, 2020.ExposuresThe primary exposure was the VA facility in which patients received most of their care before the onset of incident kidney failure defined as the first occurrence of either a sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the initiation of maintenance dialysis.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcomes were dialysis use and mortality within 2 years of incident kidney failure. Median rate ratio was used to quantify facility-level variation, and variance partition coefficient was used to quantify the sources of unexplained variation.ResultsThe cohort included 8695 older veterans with a mean (SD) age of 78.8 (7.5) years who were predominantly male (8573 [99%]) and White (6102 [70%]) individuals treated at 108 VA facilities. The observed frequency of dialysis use across facilities ranged from 25.0% to 81.4%, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) rate of 51.7% (48.4%-60.0%). The observed frequency of mortality across facilities ranged from 27.2% to 60.0%, with a median (IQR) rate of 45.2% (41.2%-48.6%). The median rate ratio (adjusted for multiple patient and facility characteristics) was 1.40 for dialysis use and 1.08 for mortality. The unexplained variation in both outcomes mainly derived from patient characteristics rather than facility characteristics. No correlation was found between dialysis use and mortality at the facility level (correlation coefficient = 0.03).Conclusions and relevanceThis study found sizable variation in dialysis use for older adults that was poorly correlated with facility-level mortality rates and was not accounted for by differences in measured patient and facility characteristics. These findings suggest opportunities to improve the degree to which dialysis use practices align with the values, goals, and preferences of older adults with kidney failure.
| S-EPMC7811178 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA key goal of anemia management in dialysis patients is to maintain patients' hemoglobin (Hb) levels consistently within a target range. Our aim in this study was to assess the association of facility-level practice patterns representing Hb measurement and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) dose adjustment frequencies with facility-level Hb variation.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational database analysis of patients in dialysis facilities affiliated with large dialysis organizations as of July 01, 2006, covering a follow-up period from July 01, 2006 to June 30, 2009. A total of 2,763 facilities representing 436,442 unique patients were included. The predictors evaluated were facility-level Hb measurement and ESA dose adjustment frequencies, and the outcome measured was facility-level Hb variation.ResultsFirst to 99th percentile ranges for facility-level Hb measurement and ESA dose adjustment frequencies were approximately once per month to once per week and approximately once per 3 months to once per 3 weeks, respectively. Facility-level Hb measurement and ESA dose adjustment frequencies were inversely associated with Hb variation. Modeling results suggested that a more frequent Hb measurement (once per week rather than once per month) was associated with approximately 7% to 9% and 6% to 8% gains in the proportion of patients with Hb levels within a ±1 and ±2 g/dL range around the mean, respectively. Similarly, more frequent ESA dose adjustment (once per 2 weeks rather than once per 3 months) was associated with approximately 6% to 9% and 5% to 7% gains in the proportion of patients in these respective Hb ranges.ConclusionsFrequent Hb measurements and timely ESA dose adjustments in dialysis patients are associated with lower facility-level Hb variation and an increase in proportion of patients within ±1 and ±2 g/dL ranges around the facility-level Hb mean.
| S-EPMC3123272 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite uncertainty about their effectiveness in chronic dialysis patients, statin use has increased in recent years. Little is known about the demographic, clinical, and geographic factors associated with statin exposure in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.To analyze the demographic, clinical, and geographic factors associated with use of statins among chronic dialysis patients.Cross-sectional analysis.Prevalent dialysis patients across the U.S.55,573 chronic dialysis patients who were dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare services during the last four months of 2005.Using Medicaid prescription drug claims and United States Renal Data System core data, we examined demographics, comorbid conditions, and state of residence using hierarchical logistic regression models to determine their associations with statin use.Prescription for a statin.Factors associated with a prescription for a statin.Statin exposure was significantly associated with older age, female sex, Caucasian (versus African-American) race, body mass index, use of self-care dialysis, diabetes, and comorbidity burden. Moreover, there was substantial state-by-state variation in statin use, with a greater than 2.3-fold difference in adjusted odds ratios between the highest- and lowest-prescribing states.Among publicly insured chronic dialysis patients, there were marked differences between states in the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors above and beyond patient characteristics. This suggests substantial clinical uncertainty about the utility of these medications. Understanding how such regional variations impact patient care in this high-risk population is an important focus for future work.
| S-EPMC3475809 | biostudies-other
Project description:INTRODUCTION:Our objective was to assess whether clusters of centers with similar peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter related practices were associated with differences in the risk of technique failure. METHODS:Patients on incident PD in French centers contributing to the French Language PD Registry from 2012 to 2016 were included in a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Centers with similar catheter cares practices were gathered in clusters in a hierarchical analysis. Clusters of centers associated with technique failure were evaluated using Cox and Fine and Gray models. A mixed effect Cox model was used to assess the influence of a center effect, as explained by the clusters. RESULTS:Data from 2727 catheters placed in 64 centers in France were analyzed. Five clusters of centers were identified. After adjustment for patient-level characteristics, the fourth cluster was associated with a lower risk of technique failure (cause specific-HR 0.70, 95%CI 0.54-0.90. The variance of the center effect decreased by 5% after adjusting for patient characteristics and by 26% after adjusting for patient characteristics and clusters of centers in the mixed effect Cox model. Favorable outcomes were observed in clusters with a greater proportion of community hospitals, where catheters were placed via open surgery, first dressing done 6 to 15 days after catheter placement, and local prophylactic antibiotics was applied on exit-site. CONCLUSION:Several patterns of PD catheter related practices have been identified in France, associated with differences in the risk of technique failure. Combinations of favorable practices are suggested in this study.
| S-EPMC6586404 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:Screening colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal carcinoma is provided by several specialties. Few studies have assessed geographic variation in the delivery of this care. Our objective was to investigate how geographic and socioeconomic factors affect who provides screening colonoscopy in Canada. METHODS:This was a population-based cohort of all screening colonoscopy procedures performed at publicly funded Canadian health care facilities (excluding those in Quebec) between April 2008 and March 2015. The main outcome of interest was the proportion of colonoscopy procedures performed by surgeons versus gastroenterologists at the neighbourhood level. Predictors of interest included socioeconomic and geographic variables. We used spatial analysis to evaluate significant clustering of practitioner services and multinomial logistic regression to model predictors. RESULTS:We identified 658 113 screening colonoscopy procedures performed by 1886 providers (1169 surgeons and 717 gastroenterologists) over the study period, of which 353 165 (53.7%) were performed by surgeons. A total of 24.2% of neighbourhoods were located within clusters predominantly served by gastroenterologists, and 19.5% were within surgeon clusters; the remainder were in mixed clusters. Rural neighbourhoods had a significantly increased relative risk of being within a surgeon cluster (relative risk [RR] 5.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.48-8.01) compared to mixed clusters and nearly 100 times higher relative risk of being in a surgeon cluster compared to gastroenterologist clusters (RR 98.95, 95% CI 15.3-427.2). Neighbourhoods with the highest socioeconomic status were 1.74 (95% CI 1.14-2.56) times likelier to be in gastroenterologist clusters than in mixed clusters. INTERPRETATION:Surgeons provide a large proportion of colonoscopy procedures in Canada and are essential for access to care, particularly in rural regions. Most Canadians are served relatively equally by surgeons and gastroenterologists. This emphasizes the importance of both specialties to the delivery of colonoscopy care across the country.
| S-EPMC5878955 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The use of an incremental peritoneal dialysis (PD) strategy in a large contemporary patient population has not been described.We report the use of this strategy in clinical practice, the prescriptions required, and the clearances achieved in a large center which has routinely used this approach for more than 10 years.This is a cross-sectional observational study.A single large Canadian academic center.This study collected data on 124 prevalent PD patients at a single Canadian academic center.The proportion of patients who achieve the clearance target on a low clearance or incremental PD prescription; the actual PD prescriptions and consequent total, peritoneal, and renal urea clearances [Kt/V] achieved; and patient and technique survival and peritonitis rate in comparison with national and international reports.Of the 124 prevalent PD patients in this PD unit, 106 (86%) were achieving the Kt/V target, and of these, 54 (44% of all patients) were doing so using incremental PD prescriptions. Fifty of these incremental PD patients were using automated PD (APD) with either no day dwell (68%) or less than 7 days a week treatment (12%) or both (20%). Patient survival in our PD unit was not different from that reported in Canada as a whole. Peritonitis rates were better than internationally recommended standards.This is an observational study with no randomized control group.Incremental PD is feasible in a contemporary PD population treated mainly with APD. Almost half of the patients were able to achieve clearance targets while receiving less onerous and less costly low clearance prescriptions. We suggest that incremental PD should be widely used as a cost-effective strategy in PD.
| S-EPMC5518964 | biostudies-other
Project description:Background and objectivesPeritoneal dialysis is a self-administered, home-based treatment for ESKD associated with equivalent mortality, higher quality of life, and lower costs compared with hemodialysis. In 2011, Medicare implemented a comprehensive prospective payment system that makes a single payment for all dialysis, medication, and ancillary services. We examined whether the prospective payment system increased dialysis facility provision of peritoneal dialysis services and whether changes in peritoneal dialysis provision were more common among dialysis facilities that are chain affiliated, located in nonurban areas, and in regions with high dialysis market competition.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe conducted a longitudinal retrospective cohort study of n=6433 United States nonfederal dialysis facilities before (2006-2010) and after (2011-2013) the prospective payment system using data from the US Renal Data System, Medicare, and Area Health Resource Files. The outcomes of interest were a dichotomous indicator of peritoneal dialysis service availability and a discrete count variable of dialysis facility peritoneal dialysis program size defined as the annual number of patients on peritoneal dialysis in a facility. We used general estimating equation models to examine changes in peritoneal dialysis service offerings and peritoneal dialysis program size by a pre- versus post-prospective payment system effect and whether changes differed by chain affiliation, urban location, facility size, or market competition, adjusting for 1-year lagged facility-, patient with ESKD-, and region-level demographic characteristics.ResultsWe found a modest increase in observed facility provision of peritoneal dialysis and peritoneal dialysis program size after the prospective payment system (36% and 5.7 patients in 2006 to 42% and 6.9 patients in 2013, respectively). There was a positive association of the prospective payment system with peritoneal dialysis provision (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.18) and PD program size (incidence rate ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.33). Post-prospective payment system change in peritoneal dialysis provision was greater among nonurban (P<0.001), chain-affiliated (P=0.002), and larger-sized facilities (P<0.001), and there were higher rates of peritoneal dialysis program size growth in nonurban facilities (P<0.001).ConclusionsMedicare's 2011 prospective payment system was associated with more facilities' availability of peritoneal dialysis and modest growth in facility peritoneal dialysis program size.PodcastThis article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2018_11_19_CJASNPodcast_18_12_.mp3.
| S-EPMC6302340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe results remain controversial with regards to the impact of serum uric acid on clinical outcomes from peritoneal dialysis population. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of serum uric acid levels on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.MethodsData on 9405 peritoneal dialysis patients from the Zhejiang Renal Data system were retrospectively analyzed. All demographic and laboratory data were recorded at baseline. The study cohort was divided into quintiles according to baseline uric acid level (mg/dL): Q1 (<?6.06), Q2 (6.06-6.67), Q3 (6.68-7.27) (reference), Q4 (7.28-8.03), and Q5 (?8.04). Hazards ratio (HR) of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was calculated.ResultsMean serum uric acid was 7.07?±?1.25?mg/dL. During a median follow-up of 29.4 (range, 3.0 to 115.4) months, 1226 (13.0%) patients died, of which 515 (5.5%) died of cardiovascular events. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients in the middle uric acid quintile (Q3: 6.68-7.27) exhibited the highest patient and cardiovascular survival rates (log-rank test P?<?0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that, using Q3 as the reference, in the fully adjusted model, a higher uric acid level (Q4: 7.28-8.03, and Q5: ?8.04) was significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality (Model 3; Q4: HR, 1.335, 95% CI, 1.073 to 1.662, P?=?0.009; Q5: HR, 1.482, 95% CI, 1.187 to 1.849, P?=?0.001), but not with cardiovascular mortality. The adverse effect of higher uric acid level (?7.28?mg/dL) on all-cause mortality was more prominent in groups such as male, hypoalbuminemia, normal weight, non-diabetes mellitus at baseline rather than in their counterparts respectively.ConclusionsA higher uric acid level was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.
| S-EPMC6670192 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Improving access to optimal healthcare may depend on the attributes of neighborhoods where patients receive healthcare services. We investigated whether the characteristics of dialysis facility neighborhoods--where most patients with end-stage renal disease are treated--were associated with facility-level kidney transplantation.We examined the association between census tract (neighborhood)-level sociodemographic factors and facility-level kidney transplantation rate in 3,983 U.S. dialysis facilities where kidney transplantation rates were high. Number of kidney transplants and total person-years contributed at the facility level in 2007-2010 were obtained from the Dialysis Facility Report and linked to the census tract data on sociodemographic characteristics from the American Community Survey 2006-2010 by dialysis facility location. We used multivariable Poisson models with generalized estimating equations to estimate the link between the neighborhood characteristics and transplant incidence.Dialysis facilities in the United States were located in neighborhoods with substantially greater proportions of black and poor residents, relative to the national average. Most facility neighborhood characteristics were associated with transplant, with incidence rate ratios (95% CI) for standardized increments (in percentage) of neighborhood exposures of: living in poverty, 0.88 (0.84-0.92), black race, 0.83 (0.78-0.89); high school graduates, 1.22 (1.17-1.26); and unemployed, 0.90 (0.85-0.95).Dialysis facility neighborhood characteristics may be modestly associated with facility rates of kidney transplantation. The success of dialysis facility interventions to improve access to kidney transplantation may partially depend on reducing neighborhood-level barriers.
| S-EPMC4175288 | biostudies-literature
Project description:While children approaching end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are considered at risk of uremic anorexia and underweight they are also exposed to the global obesity epidemic. We sought to investigate the variation of nutritional status in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) around the globe. The distribution and course of body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score over time was examined prospectively in 1001 children and adolescents from 35 countries starting CPD who were followed in the International Pediatric PD Network (IPPN) Registry. The overall prevalence of underweight, and overweight/obesity at start of CPD was 8.9% and 19.7%, respectively. Underweight was most prevalent in South and Southeast Asia (20%), Central Europe (16.7%) and Turkey (15.2%), whereas overweight and obesity were most common in the Middle East (40%) and the US (33%). BMI SDS at PD initiation was associated positively with current eGFR and gastrostomy feeding prior to PD start. Over the course of PD BMI SDS tended to increase on CPD in underweight and normal weight children, whereas it decreased in initially overweight patients. In infancy, mortality risk was amplified by obesity, whereas in older children mortality was markedly increased in association with underweight. Both underweight and overweight are prevalent in pediatric ESKD, with the prevalence varying across the globe. Late dialysis start is associated with underweight, while enteral feeding can lead to obesity. Nutritional abnormalities tend to attenuate with time on dialysis. Mortality risk appears increased with obesity in infants and with underweight in older children.
| S-EPMC6426856 | biostudies-literature