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NPAS3 variants in schizophrenia: a neuroimaging study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This research is a one-site neuroimaging component of a two-site genetic study involving patients with schizophrenia at early and later stages of illness. Studies support a role for the neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim 3 (NPAS3) gene in processes that are essential for normal brain development. Specific NPAS3 variants have been observed at an increased frequency in schizophrenia. In humans, NPAS3 protein was detected in the hippocampus from the first trimester of gestation. In addition, NPAS3 protein levels were reduced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of some patients with schizophrenia. Npas3 knockout mice display behavioural, neuroanatomical and structural changes with associated severe reductions in neural precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. This study will evaluate the hypothesis that the severe reductions in neural precursor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus will be present to some degree in patients carrying schizophrenia-associated NPAS3 variants and less so in other patients. METHODS/DESIGN: Patients enrolled in the larger genetic study (n = 150) will be invited to participate in this neuroimaging arm. The genetic data will be used to ensure a sample size of 45 participants in each genetic subgroup of patients (with and without NPAS3 variants). In addition, we will recruit 60 healthy controls for acquisition of normative data. The following neuroimaging measures will be acquired from the medial temporal region: a) an index of the microcellular environment; b) a macro-structural volumetric measure of the hippocampus; and c) concentration levels of N-acetylaspartate, a marker of neuronal health. DISCUSSION: This study will help to establish the contribution of the NPAS3 gene and its variants to brain tissue abnormalities in schizophrenia. Given the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder and the large variation in outcomes, the identification of biological subgroups may in future support tailoring of treatment approaches in order to optimize recovery.

SUBMITTER: Bernier D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3986669 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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NPAS3 variants in schizophrenia: a neuroimaging study.

Bernier Denise D Macintyre Georgina G Bartha Robert R Hanstock Christopher C CC McAllindon David D Cox Diane D Purdon Scot S Aitchison Katherine J KJ Rusak Benjamin B Tibbo Philip G PG

BMC medical genetics 20140327

<h4>Background</h4>This research is a one-site neuroimaging component of a two-site genetic study involving patients with schizophrenia at early and later stages of illness. Studies support a role for the neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim 3 (NPAS3) gene in processes that are essential for normal brain development. Specific NPAS3 variants have been observed at an increased frequency in schizophrenia. In humans, NPAS3 protein was detected in the hippocampus from the first trimester of gestation. In addition, ...[more]

PMID: 24674381

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Project description:BackgroundNPAS3 encodes a transcription factor which has been associated with multiple human psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. In mice, deletion of Npas3 was found to cause alterations in neurodevelopment, as well as a marked reduction in neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus. This neurogenic deficit, alongside the reduction in cortical interneuron number, likely contributes to the behavioral and cognitive alterations observed in Npas3 knockout mice. Although loss of Npas3 has been found to affect proliferation and apoptosis, the molecular function of NPAS3 is largely uncharacterized outside of predictions based on its high homology to bHLH-PAS transcription factors. Here we set out to characterize NPAS3 as a transcription factor, and to confirm whether NPAS3 acts as predicted for a Class 1 bHLH-PAS family member.ResultsThrough these studies we have experimentally demonstrated that NPAS3 behaves as a true transcription factor, capable of gene regulation through direct association with DNA. NPAS3 and ARNT are confirmed to directly interact in human cells through both bHLH and PAS dimerization domains. The C-terminus of NPAS3 was found to contain a functional transactivation domain. Further, the NPAS3::ARNT heterodimer was shown to directly regulate the expression of VGF and TXNIP through binding of their proximal promoters. Finally, we assessed the effects of three human variants of NPAS3 on gene regulatory function and do not observe significant deficits.ConclusionsNPAS3 is a true transcription factor capable of regulating expression of target genes through their promoters by directly cooperating with ARNT. The tested human variants of NPAS3 require further characterization to identify their effects on NPAS3 expression and function in the individuals that carry them. These data enhance our understanding of the molecular function of NPAS3 and the mechanism by which it contributes to normal and abnormal neurodevelopment and neural function.

Project description:Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 0.5-1% of the population. Response to antipsychotic therapy is highly variable, and it is not currently possible to predict those patients who will or will not respond to antipsychotic medication. Furthermore, a high percentage of patients, approximately 30%, are classified as treatment-resistant (treatment-resistant schizophrenia; TRS). TRS is defined as a non-response to at least two trials of antipsychotic medication of adequate dose and duration. These patients are usually treated with clozapine, the only evidence-based pharmacotherapy for TRS. However, clozapine is associated with severe adverse events. For these reasons, there is an increasing interest to identify better targets for drug development of new compounds and to establish better biomarkers for existing medications. The ability of antipsychotics to improve psychotic symptoms is dependent on their antagonist and reverse agonist activities at different neuroreceptors, and some genetic association studies of TRS have focused on different pharmacodynamic factors. Some genetic studies have shown an association between antipsychotic response or TRS and neurodevelopment candidate genes, antipsychotic mechanisms of action (such as dopaminergic, serotonergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic) or pharmacokinetic factors (i.e., differences in the cytochrome families). Moreover, there is a growing body of literature on the structural and functional neuroimaging research into TRS. Neuroimaging studies can help to uncover the underlying neurobiological reasons for such resistance and identify resistant patients earlier. Studies examining the neuropharmacological mechanisms of antipsychotics, including clozapine, can help to improve our knowledge of their action on the central nervous system, with further implications for the discovery of biomarkers and the development of new treatments. The identification of the underlying mechanisms of TRS is a major challenge for developing personalized medicine in the psychiatric field for schizophrenia treatment. The main goal of precision medicine is to use genetic and brain-imaging information to improve the safety, effectiveness, and health outcomes of patients via more efficiently targeted risk stratification, prevention, and tailored medication and treatment management approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of art of pharmacogenetic, pharmacogenomic and neuroimaging studies in TRS.

Project description:AimsSchizophrenia is characterized by alterations in resting-state spontaneous brain activity; however, it remains uncertain whether variations at diverse spatial scales are capable of effectively distinguishing patients from healthy controls. Additionally, the genetic underpinnings of these alterations remain poorly elucidated. We aimed to address these questions in this study to gain better understanding of brain alterations and their underlying genetic factors in schizophrenia.MethodsA cohort of 103 individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and 110 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional MRI scans. Spontaneous brain activity was assessed using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) metric at four spatial scales: voxel-level (Scale 1) and regional-level (Scales 2-4: 272, 53, 17 regions, respectively). For each spatial scale, multivariate pattern analysis was performed to classify schizophrenia patients from healthy controls, and a transcriptome-neuroimaging association analysis was performed to establish connections between gene expression data and ReHo alterations in schizophrenia.ResultsThe ReHo metrics at all spatial scales effectively discriminated schizophrenia from healthy controls. Scale 2 showed the highest classification accuracy at 84.6%, followed by Scale 1 (83.1%) and Scale 3 (78.5%), while Scale 4 exhibited the lowest accuracy (74.2%). Furthermore, the transcriptome-neuroimaging association analysis showed that there were not only shared but also unique enriched biological processes across the four spatial scales. These related biological processes were mainly linked to immune responses, inflammation, synaptic signaling, ion channels, cellular development, myelination, and transporter activity.ConclusionsThis study highlights the potential of multi-scale ReHo as a valuable neuroimaging biomarker in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. By elucidating the complex molecular basis underlying the ReHo alterations of this disorder, this study not only enhances our understanding of its pathophysiology, but also pave the way for future advancements in genetic diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.

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NPAS3 variants in schizophrenia: a neuroimaging study.

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NPAS3 variants in schizophrenia: a neuroimaging study.

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