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Suppression of Alzheimer-associated inflammation by microglial prostaglandin-E2 EP4 receptor signaling.

ABSTRACT: A persistent and nonresolving inflammatory response to accumulating A? peptide species is a cardinal feature in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In response to accumulating A? peptide species, microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, generate a toxic inflammatory response that accelerates synaptic and neuronal injury. Many proinflammatory signaling pathways are linked to progression of neurodegeneration. However, endogenous anti-inflammatory pathways capable of suppressing A?-induced inflammation represent a relatively unexplored area. Here we report that signaling through the prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor potently suppresses microglial inflammatory responses to A?42 peptides. In cultured microglial cells, EP4 stimulation attenuated levels of A?42-induced inflammatory factors and potentiated phagocytosis of A?42. Microarray analysis demonstrated that EP4 stimulation broadly opposed A?42-driven gene expression changes in microglia, with enrichment for targets of IRF1, IRF7, and NF-?B transcription factors. In vivo, conditional deletion of microglial EP4 in APPSwe-PS1?E9 (APP-PS1) mice conversely increased inflammatory gene expression, oxidative protein modification, and A? deposition in brain at early stages of pathology, but not at later stages, suggesting an early anti-inflammatory function of microglial EP4 signaling in the APP-PS1 model. Finally, EP4 receptor levels decreased significantly in human cortex with progression from normal to AD states, suggesting that early loss of this beneficial signaling system in preclinical AD development may contribute to subsequent progression of pathology.

SUBMITTER: Woodling NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3996215 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Suppression of Alzheimer-associated inflammation by microglial prostaglandin-E2 EP4 receptor signaling.

Woodling Nathaniel S NS Wang Qian Q Priyam Prachi G PG Larkin Paul P Shi Ju J Johansson Jenny U JU Zagol-Ikapitte Irene I Boutaud Olivier O Andreasson Katrin I KI

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 20140401 17

A persistent and nonresolving inflammatory response to accumulating Aβ peptide species is a cardinal feature in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In response to accumulating Aβ peptide species, microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, generate a toxic inflammatory response that accelerates synaptic and neuronal injury. Many proinflammatory signaling pathways are linked to progression of neurodegeneration. However, endogenous anti-inflammatory pathways capable of suppressing Aβ ...[more]

PMID: 24760848

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Project description:With increasing body weight, macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue. There, activated macrophages secrete numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, giving rise to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Prostaglandin E2 suppresses macrophage activation via EP4; however, the role of EP4 signaling in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus remains unknown. In this study, we treated db/db mice with an EP4-selective agonist, ONO-AE1-329, for 4 weeks to explore the role of EP4 signaling in obesity-related inflammation in vivo. Administration of the EP4 agonist did not affect body weight gain or food intake; however, in the EP4 agonist-treated group, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were significantly improved over that of the vehicle-treated group. Additionally, administration of the EP4 agonist inhibited the accumulation of F4/80-positive macrophages and the formation of crown-like structures in white adipose tissue, and the adipocytes were significantly smaller. The treatment of the EP4 agonist increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, and in the stromal vascular fraction of white adipose tissue, which includes macrophages, it markedly decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Further, EP4 activation increased the expression of adiponectin and peroxidase proliferator-activated receptors in white adipose tissue. Next, we examined in vitro M1/M2 polarization assay to investigate the impact of EP4 signaling on determining the functional phenotypes of macrophages. Treatment with EP4 agonist enhanced M2 polarization in wild-type peritoneal macrophages, whereas EP4-deficient macrophages were less susceptible to M2 polarization. Notably, antagonizing peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor ? activity suppressed EP4 signaling-mediated shift toward M2 macrophage polarization. Thus, our results demonstrate that EP4 signaling plays a critical role in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance by regulating macrophage recruitment and polarization. The activation of EP4 signaling holds promise for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Dataset Information

Suppression of Alzheimer-associated inflammation by microglial prostaglandin-E2 EP4 receptor signaling.

Publications

Suppression of Alzheimer-associated inflammation by microglial prostaglandin-E2 EP4 receptor signaling.

Similar Datasets

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