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The study of the frequency effect of dynamic compressive loading on primary articular chondrocyte functions using a microcell culture system.

ABSTRACT: Compressive stimulation can modulate articular chondrocyte functions. Nevertheless, the relevant studies are not comprehensive. This is primarily due to the lack of cell culture apparatuses capable of conducting the experiments in a high throughput, precise, and cost-effective manner. To address the issue, we demonstrated the use of a perfusion microcell culture system to investigate the stimulating frequency (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0?Hz) effect of compressive loading (20% and 40% strain) on the functions of articular chondrocytes. The system mainly integrates the functions of continuous culture medium perfusion and the generation of pneumatically-driven compressive stimulation in a high-throughput micro cell culture system. Results showed that the compressive stimulations explored did not have a significant impact on chondrocyte viability and proliferation. However, the metabolic activity of chondrocytes was significantly affected by the stimulating frequency at the higher compressive strain of 40% (2?Hz, 40% strain). Under the two compressive strains studied, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis was upregulated when the stimulating frequency was set at 1?Hz and 2?Hz. However, the stimulating frequencies explored had no influence on the collagen production. The results of this study provide useful fundamental insights that will be helpful for cartilage tissue engineering and cartilage rehabilitation.

SUBMITTER: Lin WY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4009256 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The study of the frequency effect of dynamic compressive loading on primary articular chondrocyte functions using a microcell culture system.

Lin Wan-Ying WY Chang Yu-Han YH Wang Hsin-Yao HY Yang Tzu-Chi TC Chiu Tzu-Keng TK Huang Song-Bin SB Wu Min-Hsien MH

BioMed research international 20140416

Compressive stimulation can modulate articular chondrocyte functions. Nevertheless, the relevant studies are not comprehensive. This is primarily due to the lack of cell culture apparatuses capable of conducting the experiments in a high throughput, precise, and cost-effective manner. To address the issue, we demonstrated the use of a perfusion microcell culture system to investigate the stimulating frequency (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz) effect of compressive loading (20% and 40% strain) on the functi ...[more]

PMID: 24839606

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Project description:During the development of the appendicular skeleton, the cartilaginous templates undergo hypertrophic differentiation and remodels into bone, except for the cartilage most adjacent to joint cavities where hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral bone formation are prevented, and chondrocytes instead form articular cartilage. The mechanisms that prevent hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral bone formation of the articular cartilage have not been elucidated. To explore the role of the synovial microenvironment in chondrocyte differentiation, osteochondral allografts consisting of articular cartilage, epiphyseal bone, and growth plate cartilage from distal femoral epiphyses of inbred Lewis rats expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein from a ubiquitous promoter were transplanted either in inverted or original (control) orientation to matching sites in wildtype littermates, thereby allowing for tracing of transplanted cells and their progenies. We found that no hypertrophic differentiation occurred in the growth plate cartilage ectopically placed at the joint surface. Instead, the transplanted growth plate cartilage, with time, remodeled into articular cartilage. This finding suggests that the microenvironment at the articular surface inhibits hypertrophic differentiation and supports articular cartilage formation. To explore this hypothesis, rat chondrocyte pellets were cultured with and without synoviocyte-conditioned media. Consistent with the hypothesis, hypertrophic differentiation was inhibited and expression of the articular surface marker lubricin (Prg4) was dramatically induced when chondrocyte pellets were exposed to synovium- or synoviocyte-conditioned media, but not to chondrocyte- or osteoblast-conditioned media. Taken together, we present evidence for a novel mechanism by which synoviocytes, through the secretion of a factor or factors, act directly on chondrocytes to inhibit hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral bone formation and promote articular cartilage formation. This mechanism may have important implications for articular cartilage development, maintenance, and regeneration.

Project description:Mechanical stress damage and insufficient self-repair can contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) in the affected joint. As the effects of stress on chondrocyte metabolism can regulate cartilage homeostasis, the specific stress-response condition is therefore a key to the generation of an OA disease model. We aimed to produce a specific stress- and cell-based OA model after evaluating the metabolic responses of chondrocytes in response to a series of static and cyclic compression stressors. A static load exceeding 40 psi initiated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation through a decrease in the sulphated-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, upregulation of catabolic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 encoding gene expression, and downregulation of the ECM-related aggrecan and type II collagen encoding genes within 24?h. Indicators of pro-inflammatory events and oxidative stress were found to correlate with increased IL-6 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. However, chondrocytes stimulated by moderate cyclic loading (30-40 psi) exhibited increased ECM-related gene expression without significant changes in catabolic and pro-inflammatory gene expression. BMP-7 expression increased at cyclic loading levels above 30-60 psi. These results demonstrated that static compression exceeding 60 psi is sufficient to produce OA-like chondrocytes that exhibit signs of ECM degradation and inflammation. These OA-like chondrocytes could therefore be used as a novel cell-based drug screening system. Impact statement The lack of an effective treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) reflects the great need for alternative therapies and drug discovery. Disease models can be used for early-stage compound screening and disease studies. Chondrocytes are solely responsible for the maintenance of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix. Our strategy involved the generation of a cell-based model of OA, a more readily studied disease. Instead of using animal cartilage explants, we incorporated isolated porcine chondrocytes with hydrogel to form three-dimensional assemblies. We could identify the specific magnitude-dependent metabolic responses of chondrocytes by applying a series of static and cyclic compression, and therefore successfully generated a novel OA-like cell-based model for drug screening.

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The study of the frequency effect of dynamic compressive loading on primary articular chondrocyte functions using a microcell culture system.

Publications

The study of the frequency effect of dynamic compressive loading on primary articular chondrocyte functions using a microcell culture system.

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