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The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor.

ABSTRACT: Clinical studies suggest that the injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases susceptibility to infections such as HIV-1, unlike the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). We investigated the differential effects, molecular mechanism of action and steroid receptor involvement in gene expression by MPA as compared to NET and progesterone (P4) in the End1/E6E7 cell line model for the endocervical epithelium, a key point of entry for pathogens in the female genital mucosa. MPA, unlike NET-acetate (NET-A) and P4, increases mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory GILZ and I?B? genes. Similarly, MPA unlike NET-A, decreases mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES genes, and IL-6 and IL-8 protein levels. The predominant steroid receptor expressed in the End1/E6E7 and primary endocervical epithelial cells is the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and GR knockdown experiments show that the anti-inflammatory effects of MPA are mediated by the GR. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation results suggest that MPA, unlike NET-A and P4, represses pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in cervical epithelial cells via a mechanism involving recruitment of the GR to cytokine gene promoters, like the GR agonist dexamethasone. This is at least in part consistent with direct effects on transcription, without a requirement for new protein synthesis. Dose response analysis shows that MPA has a potency of ? 24 nM for transactivation of the anti-inflammatory GILZ gene and ? 4-20 nM for repression of the pro-inflammatory genes, suggesting that these effects are likely to be relevant at injectable contraceptive doses of MPA. These findings suggest that in the context of the genital mucosa, these GR-mediated glucocorticoid-like effects of MPA in cervical epithelial cells are likely to play a critical role in discriminating between the effects on inflammation caused by different progestins and P4 and hence susceptibility to genital infections, given the predominant expression of the GR in primary endocervical epithelial cells.

SUBMITTER: Govender Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4026143 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor.

Govender Yashini Y Avenant Chanel C Verhoog Nicolette J D NJ Ray Roslyn M RM Grantham Nicholas J NJ Africander Donita D Hapgood Janet P JP

PloS one 20140519 5

Clinical studies suggest that the injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases susceptibility to infections such as HIV-1, unlike the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). We investigated the differential effects, molecular mechanism of action and steroid receptor involvement in gene expression by MPA as compared to NET and progesterone (P4) in the End1/E6E7 cell line model for the endocervical epithelium, a key point of entry for pathogens in the fe ...[more]

PMID: 24840644

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Project description:OBJECTIVES:The subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) injectable contraceptive was introduced in South West Nigeria in 2015 through private sector channels. The introduction included community-based distribution and was supported by a social marketing approach. From program monitoring and evaluation, aimed at understanding performance, market reach and other process measures, we identify lessons learned to inform future scale-up efforts. METHODS:We synthesized the findings from a core set of key performance indicators collected through different methods: (1) implementer performance indicators, (2) phone survey of DMPA-SC users (n=541) with a follow-up after 3 months (n=342) and (3) in-depth interviews with 57 providers and 42 users of DMPA-SC. RESULTS:Distribution of DMPA-SC to private providers was concentrated in states with large urban populations. A shift toward focusing on high-volume family planning facilities coincided with a rapid increase in distribution in late 2016. Users reached in the phone survey were generally older and married with children; few were under age 25. Users and providers reported favorable opinions of DMPA-SC. Many users reported choosing DMPA-SC due to recommendations from providers and friends, and the hope of experiencing reduced side effects compared to other methods. While users reported positive experiences interacting with community-based distributors, the delivery model encountered a number of challenges - high turnover, low motivation, lack of an appropriate compensation package and logistical costs - and was ultimately disbanded. CONCLUSIONS:In the DMPA-SC introductory program in Nigeria, distribution was amplified when focused on high-volume contraceptive providers. Although community-based distribution can be one effective service delivery model for reaching underserved populations, more consideration for balancing cost recovery and public health goals through private sector approaches are needed in the context of South West Nigeria. Additional communications and outreach efforts are needed to reach younger, unmarried users with contraceptive services.

Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the rate of ovulatory disruption when intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is administered across graded stages of dominant follicle development.Study designWe assigned enrolled participants to one of three preassigned dominant follicle size groups: 12-14?mm, 15-17?mm and?? 18?mm. We followed dominant follicles via serial transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) until the follicles reached their assigned size, at which time we administered DMPA. For 5 consecutive days thereafter, we followed the follicles via TVUS to observe follicle rupture and obtained serum luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone concentrations. In the following 2 weeks, we collected serum progesterone concentrations twice weekly to detect possible ovulatory delay or dysfunction. We also collected serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations at 1 and 24?h after DMPA administration to examine against ovulatory outcomes.ResultsTwenty-six of 29 enrolled women completed the study. DMPA suppressed ovulation in 17/26 (65%) and caused ovulatory dysfunction in 1/26 (4%) participants. Larger follicles were more likely to rupture despite DMPA (12-14?mm: 0/10 (0%); 15-17?mm: 3/10 (30%); ? 18?mm: 6/6 (100%); p?<?.01). Pre-DMPA LH concentrations ranged from 13.8 to 93.7?IU/L (mean 49.0?IU/L) in cases of follicle rupture. We observed no cases of follicle rupture when DMPA was administered through cycle day 12. All 24-h MPA concentrations exceeded those needed for ovulation suppression.ConclusionDMPA suppressed and additionally disrupted ovulation in 65% and 4% of observed cycles, respectively. DMPA may provide effective emergency contraception as well as ongoing contraception if administered prior to an expected ovulation and specifically before the LH surge.ImplicationsDMPA may be an alternative form of emergency contraception that can also self-bridge to ongoing contraception. As ovulation was not observed among any follicles when DMPA was given through cycle day 12, women who initiate DMPA up through cycle day 12 may not require backup contraception.

Dataset Information

The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor.

Publications

The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor.

Similar Datasets

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