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ABSTRACT: Background
Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are unique microbial co-metabolites. Both co-metabolites have been involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and renal disease progression. Available evidence suggests that indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate may be considered candidate biomarkers of the human enterotype and may help to explain the link between diet and cardiovascular disease burden.Objective and design
Information on clinical determinants and heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate serum is non-existing. To clarify this issue, the authors determined serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in 773 individuals, recruited in the frame of the Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes (FLEMENGHO study).Results
Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate amounted to 3.1 (2.4-4.3) and 13.0 (7.4-21.5) ?M, respectively. Regression analysis identified renal function, age and sex as independent determinants of both co-metabolites. Both serum indoxyl sulfate (h2?=?0.17) and p-cresyl sulfate (h2?=?0.18) concentrations showed moderate but significant heritability after adjustment for covariables, with significant genetic and environmental correlations for both co-metabolites.Limitations
Family studies cannot provide conclusive evidence for a genetic contribution, as confounding by shared environmental effects can never be excluded.Conclusions
The heritability of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate is moderate. Besides genetic host factors and environmental factors, also renal function, sex and age influence the serum levels of these co-metabolites.
SUBMITTER: Viaene L
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4029585 | biostudies-literature | 2014
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Viaene Liesbeth L Thijs Lutgarde L Jin Yu Y Liu Yanping Y Gu Yumei Y Meijers Björn B Claes Kathleen K Staessen Jan J Evenepoel Pieter P
PloS one 20140521 5
<h4>Background</h4>Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are unique microbial co-metabolites. Both co-metabolites have been involved in the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiovascular disease and renal disease progression. Available evidence suggests that indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate may be considered candidate biomarkers of the human enterotype and may help to explain the link between diet and cardiovascular disease burden.<h4>Objective and design</h4>Information on clinical determinants ...[more]