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Causes of increased energy intake among children in the U.S., 1977-2010.

ABSTRACT: Changes in total energy intake have been reported among children and adolescents, but the extent to which the components of total energy-energy density; portion size; and the number of eating/drinking occasions (EO)-drive these changes is unknown.The objective of the current study was to examine the relative contribution to changes in daily total energy.Using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978); the Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Individuals (1989-1991); and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1994-1998 and 2005-2010) for children and adolescents (aged 2-18 years), changes in total energy (kcal/day) were mathematically decomposed to determine the relative contributions of its three component parts: portion size (g/EO); energy density (kcal/g/EO); and eating/drinking occasions (n). Analyses were completed in 2012.Over the full period, there was an increase in total energy intake (+108 kcal/day) and the number of daily eating/drinking occasions (+1.2). The average portion size per eating/drinking occasion increased between 1977-1978 and 1989-1991, and then dropped by about 85 g/EO between 1989-1991 and 2005-2010. The average energy density per eating/drinking occasion has fluctuated over time, reaching its highest level in 2005-2010 (1.24 kcal/g/EO). The decomposition results show that between 1977-1978 and 2005-2010, changes in the number of eating/drinking occasions per day and portion size per eating occasion were the largest contributors to annualized changes in daily total energy (+19 and -13 kcal/day/year, respectively). Variations in trends were observed for race/ethnicity and parental education subgroups.These findings highlight potentially important intervention targets for reducing energy imbalances in U.S. youth.

SUBMITTER: Duffey KJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4075332 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Causes of increased energy intake among children in the U.S., 1977-2010.

Duffey Kiyah J KJ Popkin Barry M BM

American journal of preventive medicine 20130201 2

<h4>Background</h4>Changes in total energy intake have been reported among children and adolescents, but the extent to which the components of total energy-energy density; portion size; and the number of eating/drinking occasions (EO)-drive these changes is unknown.<h4>Purpose</h4>The objective of the current study was to examine the relative contribution to changes in daily total energy.<h4>Methods</h4>Using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Sur ...[more]

PMID: 23332342

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Public health organizations in the United States have recently increased focus on reducing population consumption of added sugars. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study is to provide in-depth information on national trends in added sugars consumption and to examine both the mean and distribution of added sugars intake from 1977 to 2012. DESIGN:We conducted a descriptive study using six cross-sectional nationally representative surveys of food intake in the United States: the 1977-1978 National Food Consumption Survey (n=29,668), the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (n=14,827), the 1994-1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (n=19,027), the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; n=8,273), the 2009-2010 NHANES (n=9,042), and the 2011-2012 NHANES (n=16,451). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:We examined the key dependent variables, calories from added sugars and percentage of total energy intake from added sugars, at the mean and by quintiles of added sugars consumption for children (2 to 18 years) and adults (19 years and older) across the survey years. We also examined trends in added sugars intakes from foods and beverages. We used ordinary least squares regression to examine linear trends between survey years and multinomial logistic regressions to examine sociodemographic characteristics by quintile of added sugars consumption. We adjusted estimates by race, income, sex, and education. RESULTS:The US mean adjusted intake of added sugars remains high. In 2011-2012, children and adults consumed 326 kcal/day and 308 kcal/day, respectively, of added sugars, or 14% and 17%, respectively, of total their energy. For both children and adults, there was a considerable increase in calories from added sugars from 1977 to 2003, followed by a substantial decline from 2003 to 2012. There was no decline in the percentage of total energy intake from added sugars from 2003 to 2012. Changes over time were consistent across each quintile of added sugars consumption. The highest quintile of consumption was more likely to be male and in children was more likely to be non-Hispanic white. CONCLUSIONS:Despite a decline in consumption of added sugars since 2003 in the United States, mean adjusted added sugars intakes continue to be above the recommended level of 10% of the total energy intake. Changes in added sugars consumption from 1977 through 2012 occurred evenly across the distribution of added sugars intakes.

Dataset Information

Causes of increased energy intake among children in the U.S., 1977-2010.

Publications

Causes of increased energy intake among children in the U.S., 1977-2010.

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