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Resting-state neuroimaging studies: a new way of identifying differences and similarities among the anxiety disorders?

ABSTRACT: This review examines recent functional neuroimaging research of resting-state regional connectivity between brain regions in anxiety disorders. Studies compiled in the PubMed- National Center for Biotechnology Information database targeting resting-state functional connectivity in anxiety disorders were reviewed. Diagnoses included posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and specific phobia (SP). Alterations to network connectivity were demonstrated in PTSD, GAD, SAD, OCD, and PD in several resting-state investigations. Differences from control subjects were primarily observed in the default mode network within PTSD, SAD, and OCD. Alterations within the salience network were observed primarily in PTSD, GAD, and SAD. Alterations in corticostriatal networks were uniquely observed in OCD. Finally, alterations within somatosensory networks were observed in SAD and PD investigations. Resting-state studies involving SPs as a primary diagnosis (with or without comorbidities) were not generated during the literature search. The emerging use of resting-state paradigms may be an effective method for understanding associations between anxiety disorders. Targeted studies of PD and SPs, meta-analyses of the studies conducted to date, and studies of the impact of specific comorbid presentations, are recommended future research directions.

SUBMITTER: Peterson A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4079145 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Resting-state neuroimaging studies: a new way of identifying differences and similarities among the anxiety disorders?

Peterson Andrew A Thome Janine J Frewen Paul P Lanius Ruth A RA

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 20140601 6

This review examines recent functional neuroimaging research of resting-state regional connectivity between brain regions in anxiety disorders. Studies compiled in the PubMed- National Center for Biotechnology Information database targeting resting-state functional connectivity in anxiety disorders were reviewed. Diagnoses included posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and ...[more]

PMID: 25007403

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Project description:IntroductionFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) block-design experiments typically include active ON-blocks with presentation of cognitive tasks which are contrasted with OFF- blocks with no tasks presented. OFF-blocks in between ON-blocks can however, also be seen as a proxy for intermittent periods of resting, inducing temporary resting-states. We still do not know if brain activity during such intermittent periods reflects the same kind of resting-state activity as that obtained during a continuous period, as is typically the case in studies of the classic Default Mode Network (DMN). The purpose of the current study was therefore to investigate both similarities and differences in brain activity between intermittent and continuous resting conditions.MethodsThere were 47 healthy participants in the 3T fMRI experiment. Data for the intermittent resting-state condition were acquired from resting-periods in between active task-processing periods in a standard ON-OFF block design, with three different cognitive tasks presented during ON-blocks. Data for the continuous resting-state condition were acquired during a 5 min resting period after the task-design had been presented.Results and discussionThe results showed that activity was overall similar in the two conditions, but with some differences. These differences were within the DMN network, and for the interaction of DMN with other brain networks. DMN maps showed weak overlap between conditions in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and in particular for the intermittent compared to the continuous resting-state condition. Moreover, DMN showed strong connectivity with the salience network (SN) in the intermittent resting-state condition, particularly in the anterior insula and the supramarginal gyrus. The observed differences may reflect a "carry-over" effect from task-processing to the next resting-state period, not present in the continuous resting-state condition, causing interference from the ON-blocks. Further research is needed to fully understand the extent of differences between intermittent and continuous resting-state conditions.

Project description:A severe brain injury may lead to a disorder of consciousness (DOC) such as coma, vegetative state (VS), minimally conscious state (MCS) or locked-in syndrome (LIS). Till date, the diagnosis of DOC relies only on clinical evaluation or subjective scoring systems such as Glasgow coma scale, which fails to detect subtle changes and thereby results in diagnostic errors. The high rate of misdiagnosis and inability to predict the recovery of consciousness for DOC patients have created a huge research interest in the assessment of consciousness. Researchers have explored the use of various stimulation and neuroimaging techniques to improve the diagnosis. In this article, we present the important findings of resting-state as well as sensory stimulation methods and highlight the stimuli proven to be successful in the assessment of consciousness. Primarily, we review the literature based on (a) application/non-use of stimuli (i.e., sensory stimulation/resting state-based), (b) type of stimulation used (i.e., auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, or mental-imagery), (c) electrophysiological signal used (EEG/ERP, fMRI, PET, EMG, SCL, or ECG). Among the sensory stimulation methods, auditory stimulation has been extensively used, since it is easier to conduct for these patients. Olfactory and tactile stimulation have been less explored and need further research. Emotionally charged stimuli such as subject's own name or narratives in a familiar voice or subject's own face/family pictures or music result in stronger responses than neutral stimuli. Studies based on resting state analysis have employed measures like complexity, power spectral features, entropy and functional connectivity patterns to distinguish between the VS and MCS patients. Resting-state EEG and fMRI are the state-of-the-art techniques and have a huge potential in predicting the recovery of coma patients. Further, EMG and mental-imagery based studies attempt to obtain volitional responses from the VS patients and thus could detect their command-following capability. This may provide an effective means to communicate with these patients. Recent studies have employed fMRI and PET to understand the brain-activation patterns corresponding to the mental imagery. This review promotes our knowledge about the techniques used for the diagnosis of patients with DOC and attempts to provide ideas for future research.

Project description:A significant proportion of the electroencephalography (EEG) literature focuses on differences in historically pre-defined frequency bands in the power spectrum that are typically referred to as alpha, beta, gamma, theta and delta waves. Here, we review 184 EEG studies that report differences in frequency bands in the resting state condition (eyes open and closed) across a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, addiction, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia to determine patterns across disorders. Aggregating across all reported results we demonstrate that characteristic patterns of power change within specific frequency bands are not necessarily unique to any one disorder but show substantial overlap across disorders as well as variability within disorders. In particular, we show that the most dominant pattern of change, across several disorder types including ADHD, schizophrenia and OCD, is power increases across lower frequencies (delta and theta) and decreases across higher frequencies (alpha, beta and gamma). However, a considerable number of disorders, such as PTSD, addiction and autism show no dominant trend for spectral change in any direction. We report consistency and validation scores across the disorders and conditions showing that the dominant result across all disorders is typically only 2.2 times as likely to occur in the literature as alternate results, and typically with less than 250 study participants when summed across all studies reporting this result. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the results were infrequently reported and were typically small at between 20% and 30% and correlated weakly with symptom severity scores. Finally, we discuss the many methodological challenges and limitations relating to such frequency band analysis across the literature. These results caution any interpretation of results from studies that consider only one disorder in isolation, and for the overall potential of this approach for delivering valuable insights in the field of mental health.

Project description:IntroductionPersistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (ICD-11) and anxiety disorders (ANX) share behavioural symptoms like anxiety, avoidance, social withdrawal, hyperarousal, or palpitation as well as neurological symptoms like vertigo, stance and gait disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown a bidirectional link between vestibulo-spatial and anxiety neural networks. So far, there have been no neuroimaging-studies comparing these groups.ObjectivesThe aim of this explorative study was to investigate differences and similarities of neural correlates between these two patient groups and to compare their findings with a healthy control group.Methods63 participants, divided in two patient groups (ANX = 20 and PPPD = 14) and two sex and age matched healthy control groups (HC-A = 16, HC-P = 13) were included. Anxiety and dizziness related pictures were shown during fMRI-measurements in a block-design in order to induce emotional responses. All subjects filled in questionnaires regarding vertigo (VSS, VHQ), anxiety (STAI), depression (BDI-II), alexithymia (TAS), and illness-perception (IPQ). After modelling the BOLD response with a standard canonical HRF, voxel-wise t-tests between conditions (emotional-negative vs neutral stimuli) were used to generate statistical contrast maps and identify relevant brain areas (pFDR < 0.05, cluster size >30 voxels). ROI-analyses were performed for amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, supramarginal gyrus and thalamus (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsPatient groups differed from both HC groups regarding anxiety, dizziness, depression and alexithymia scores; ratings of the PPPD group and the ANX group did differ significantly only in the VSS subscale 'vertigo and related symptoms' (VSS-VER). The PPPD group showed increased neural responses in the vestibulo-spatial network, especially in the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and superior temporal gyrus (STG), compared to ANX and HC-P group. The PPPD group showed increased neural responses compared to the HC-P group in the anxiety network including amygdala, insula, lentiform gyrus, hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and brainstem. Neuronal responses were enhanced in visual structures, e.g. fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) in healthy controls compared to patients with ANX and PPPD, and in the ANX group compared to the PPPD group.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that neuronal responses to emotional information in the PPPD and the ANX group are comparable in anxiety networks but not in vestibulo-spatial networks. Patients with PPPD revealed a stronger neuronal response especially in SMG and STG compared to the ANX and the HC group. These results might suggest higher sensitivity and poorer adaptation processes in the PPPD group to anxiety and dizziness related pictures. Stronger activation in visual processing areas in HC subjects might be due to less emotional and more visual processing strategies.

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Resting-state neuroimaging studies: a new way of identifying differences and similarities among the anxiety disorders?

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Resting-state neuroimaging studies: a new way of identifying differences and similarities among the anxiety disorders?

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