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Hormonal determinants of nipple aspirate fluid yield among breast cancer cases and screening controls.

ABSTRACT: Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) use as a biosample is limited by the variable yield across studies. We investigated the endocrine determinants of yield in an ongoing breast cancer case-control study.One-hundred and eighteen women yielding ?2 ?L NAF and 120 non-yielders were included; serum hormones were measured; differences in median hormones were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for yielder status relative to hormone levels were estimated using logistic regression, adjusting for parity and lactation, and, in premenopausal women, menstrual cycle phase (MCP).Prolactin concentrations were higher in yielders than non-yielders (premenopausal: 7.6 and 2.5 ng/mL, P < 0.01; postmenopausal 5.3 and 2.2 ng/mL; P < 0.01). Among premenopausal-yielders, estradiol was lower (64.3 vs. 90.5 pg/mL, MCP-adjusted P = 0.02). In separate menopausal status and parity-adjusted models, significant case-control differences persisted in prolactin: case OR 1.93 (95% CI, 1.35-2.77), control OR 1.64 (95% CI, 1.17-2.29). Premenopausal control yielders had higher progesterone (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18-2.46) and sex-hormone binding-globulin (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.08-4.05) than non-yielders. Among parous women, further adjustment for lactation suggested a stronger positive association of serum prolactin with yield in cases than controls.NAF-yielders show higher prolactin than non-yielders, regardless of menopause and parity; implications of this and other endocrine differences on NAF biomarkers of breast cancer risk deserve further study.NAF yield is associated with a distinct endocrine environment that must be considered in studies of NAF-based breast cancer risk markers.

SUBMITTER: Fought AJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4101805 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Hormonal determinants of nipple aspirate fluid yield among breast cancer cases and screening controls.

Fought Angela J AJ McGathey Claire C Scholtens Denise M DM Heinz Richard E RE Lowe Rick R Feeney Yvonne B YB Lee Oukseub O Kmiecik Thomas E TE Wolfman Judith A JA Clevenger Charles V CV Gann Peter H PH Gapstur Susan S Chatterton Robert T RT Khan Seema A SA

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20130918 12

<h4>Background</h4>Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) use as a biosample is limited by the variable yield across studies. We investigated the endocrine determinants of yield in an ongoing breast cancer case-control study.<h4>Methods</h4>One-hundred and eighteen women yielding ≥2 μL NAF and 120 non-yielders were included; serum hormones were measured; differences in median hormones were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for yielder status relative to ...[more]

PMID: 24049126

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Project description:PurposeInvestigation of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF)-based microRNAs (miRNAs) as a potential screening tool for women at increased risk of developing breast cancer is the scope of our research. While aiming to identify discriminating NAF-miRNAs between women with different mammographic densities, we were confronted with an unexpected confounder: NAF sample appearance. Here we report and alert for the impact of NAF color and cloudiness on miRNA assessment.MethodsSeven classes of NAF colors coupled with cloudiness appearance were established. Using 173 NAF samples from 154 healthy women (19 samples were bilaterally collected), the expression of 14 target and 2 candidate endogenous control (EC) miRNAs was investigated using Taqman Advanced miRNA assays to identify significant differential expression patterns between color-cloudiness classes. Inter- and intra-individual variation of miRNA expression was analyzed using the coefficient of variation (CV).ResultsWe found that between the seven NAF classes, fold change miRNA expression differences ranged between 2.4 and 19.6 depending on the interrogated miRNA. Clear NAF samples exhibited higher miRNA expression levels compared to cloudy NAF samples with fold change differences ranging between 1.1 and 6.2. Inter-individual and intra-individual miRNA expression was fairly stable (CV < 15 %), but nevertheless impacted by NAF sample appearance. Within NAF classes, inter-individual variation was largest for green samples (CV 6-15 %) and smallest for bloody samples (CV 2-6 %).ConclusionsOur data indicate that NAF color and cloudiness influence miRNA expression and should, therefore, be systematically registered using an objective color classification system. Given that sample appearance is an inherent feature of NAF, these variables should be statistically controlled for in multivariate data analyses. This cautionary note and recommendations could be of value beyond the field of NAF-miRNAs, given that variability in sample color and cloudiness is likewise observed in liquid biopsies such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid and sputum, and could thereby influence the levels of miRNAs and other biomarkers.

Dataset Information

Hormonal determinants of nipple aspirate fluid yield among breast cancer cases and screening controls.

Publications

Hormonal determinants of nipple aspirate fluid yield among breast cancer cases and screening controls.

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