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Development of microsatellite markers for Vitex rotundifolia (Verbenaceae), an endangered coastal plant in Lake Biwa, Japan.

ABSTRACT: UNLABELLED: PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Microsatellite loci were developed for Vitex rotundifolia, an endangered species isolated to Lake Biwa, to investigate its genetic diversity and population structure. • METHODS AND RESULTS:Ten primer sets were identified in Japanese populations of V. rotundifolia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to six and gene diversity per locus ranged from 0.040 to 0.697 between two populations. In addition, all loci could be successfully amplified in V. trifolia. • CONCLUSIONS:These markers will be useful for studies of genetic diversity and population structure of endangered species isolated to Lake Biwa of V. rotundifolia, to aid in the development of conservation strategies.

SUBMITTER: Ohtsuki T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4103139 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background and aimsLake Biwa is one of the world's few ancient lakes. Formed ∼4 million years ago, the lake harbours many coastal species that commonly inhabit seashores. The beach pea Lathyrus japonicus is a typical coastal species of this freshwater lake, but its inland populations are faced with the threat of extinction. Here, we investigated the phylogeographical and population structures of both inland and coastal populations of L. japonicus. We also elucidated the historical isolation of the Lake Biwa population.MethodologyIn total, 520 individuals from 50 L. japonicus populations were sampled throughout the species distribution in Japan. Chloroplast haplotyping using intergenic spacers psbA-trnH and atpI-atpH was performed to investigate the phylogeographical structure as well as the genetic diversity of L. japonicus. Six nuclear microsatellite markers were also used to analyse the population structure.Principal resultsPopulation structure analyses of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) identified inland and coastal groups. Based on the genetic differentiation, inland populations exhibited a single cpDNA haplotype and significantly lower values of H(S), AR and F(IS) than coastal populations. In addition to the presence of a bottleneck, the lack of gene flow among inland populations was supported by estimates of recent migration rates between subpopulations.ConclusionsOur data revealed that inland populations have been isolated in Lake Biwa as 'landlocked' populations since the predecessor lake was isolated from sea. This was also seen in a previous study of Calystegia soldanella. However, the high genetic differentiation, accompanied by a lack of gene flow among the Lake Biwa populations (according to the BAYESASS(+) analysis), contradicts the results with C. soldanella. We conclude that because of the presence of a bottleneck and low genetic diversity of the inland populations, self-sustaining population persistence may be difficult in the future. Conservation strategies must consider the genetic properties of such isolated populations.

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Development of microsatellite markers for Vitex rotundifolia (Verbenaceae), an endangered coastal plant in Lake Biwa, Japan.

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