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Fragment-based inhibitor discovery against ?-lactamase.

ABSTRACT: The production of ?-lactamase is one of the primary resistance mechanisms used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to counter ?-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. There is an urgent need to develop novel ?-lactamase inhibitors in response to ever evolving ?-lactamases possessing an expanded spectrum of ?-lactam hydrolyzing activity. Whereas traditional high-throughput screening has proven ineffective against serine ?-lactamases, fragment-based approaches have been successfully employed to identify novel chemical matter, which in turn has revealed much about the specific molecular interactions possible in the active site of serine and metallo ?-lactamases. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field, particularly: the identification of novel inhibitor chemotypes through fragment-based screening; the use of fragment-protein structures to understand key features of binding hot spots and inform the design of improved leads; lessons learned and new prospects for ?-lactamase inhibitor development using fragment-based approaches.

SUBMITTER: Nichols DA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4111090 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fragment-based inhibitor discovery against β-lactamase.

Nichols Derek A DA Renslo Adam R AR Chen Yu Y

Future medicinal chemistry 20140301 4

The production of β-lactamase is one of the primary resistance mechanisms used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to counter β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. There is an urgent need to develop novel β-lactamase inhibitors in response to ever evolving β-lactamases possessing an expanded spectrum of β-lactam hydrolyzing activity. Whereas traditional high-throughput screening has proven ineffective against serine β-lactamases, fragment-based approaches ha ...[more]

PMID: 24635522

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Project description:Beta-lactamases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics. beta-lactamase/beta-lactamase inhibitor protein (BLIP) complexes are emerging as a well characterized experimental model system for studying protein-protein interactions. BLIP is a 165 amino acid protein that inhibits several class A beta-lactamases with a wide range of affinities: picomolar affinity for K1; nanomolar affinity for TEM-1, SME-1, and BlaI; but only micromolar affinity for SHV-1 beta-lactamase. The large differences in affinity coupled with the availability of extensive mutagenesis data and high-resolution crystal structures for the TEM-1/BLIP and SHV-1/BLIP complexes make them attractive systems for the further development of computational design methodology. We used EGAD, a physics-based computational design program, to redesign BLIP in an attempt to increase affinity for SHV-1. Characterization of several of designs and point mutants revealed that in all cases, the mutations stabilize the interface by 10- to 1000-fold relative to wild type BLIP. The calculated changes in binding affinity for the mutants were within a mean absolute error of 0.87 kcal/mol from the experimental values, and comparison of the calculated and experimental values for a set of 30 SHV-1/BLIP complexes yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.77. Structures of the two complexes with the highest affinity, SHV-1/BLIP (E73M) and SHV-1/BLIP (E73M, S130K, S146M), are presented at 1.7 A resolution. While the predicted structures have much in common with the experimentally determined structures, they do not coincide perfectly; in particular a salt bridge between SHV-1 D104 and BLIP K74 is observed in the experimental structures, but not in the predicted design conformations. This discrepancy highlights the difficulty of modeling salt bridge interactions with a protein design algorithm that approximates side chains as discrete rotamers. Nevertheless, while local structural features of the interface were sometimes miscalculated, EGAD is globally successful in designing complexes with increased affinity.

Dataset Information

Fragment-based inhibitor discovery against ?-lactamase.

Publications

Fragment-based inhibitor discovery against β-lactamase.

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