Isolation of Rickettsia typhi from human, Mexico.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zavala-Castro JE
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4111176 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description: Not available
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Project description:The first fatal Rickettsia rickettsii infection was diagnosed in the southwest of Mexico. The patient had fever, erythematous rash, abdominal pain, and severe central nervous system involvement with convulsive crisis. The diagnosis of R. rickettsii infection was established by immunohistochemistry and specific polymerase chain reaction.
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Project description:A 39 year-old male was residing along the south coast of Texas, the USA, presented with fever, myalgias, headaches, and weight loss for ten days. Symptoms and manifestations progressed to include nuchal rigidity, photophobia, hyponatremia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis despite the intravenous administration of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. A lumbar puncture performed in the Emergency Department yielded pleocytosis and glucose cerebrospinal fluid/serum ratio of 0.35, suggestive of meningoencephalitis. Conglomerate data raised the suspicion of meningitis secondary to a zoonotic acquired infection, which was later confirmed to be Rickettsia typhi. Doxycycline is the drug of choice for the suspected Rickettsia disease. After doxycycline administration, the patient improved and was discharged home asymptomatic.
| S-EPMC7265057 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Murine typhus is a febrile, fleaborne disease caused by infection with Rickettsia typhi bacteria. Cases can range from mild and nonspecific to fatal. We report 2 cases of murine typhus in Costa Rica, confirming the presence and circulation of R. typhi causing severe disease in the country.
| S-EPMC10617344 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Murine typhus, which is caused by Rickettsia typhi, has a wide range of clinical manifestations. It has a low mortality rate but may result in meningoencephalitis and interstitial pneumonia in severe cases. Comparisons of complete genome sequences of R. typhi isolates from North Carolina, USA (Wilmington), Myanmar (B9991PP), and Thailand (TH1527) identified only 26 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 7 insertion-deletion (INDEL) sites in these highly syntenic genomes. Assays were developed to further define the distribution of these variant sites among 15 additional isolates of R. typhi with different histories from Asia, the USA, and Africa. Mismatch amplification mutation assays (MAMA) were validated for 22 SNP sites, while the 7 INDEL sites were analyzed directly on agarose gels. Six SNP types, 9 INDEL types, 11 total types were identified among these 18 isolates. Replicate DNA samples as well as comparisons of isolates with different passage and source histories gave consistent genetic typing profiles. Comparison of the SNP and INDEL markers to R. typhi's nearest neighbor Rickettsia prowazekii demonstrated that the majority of the SNPs represent intra-species variation that arose post divergence of these two species while several INDEL sites also exhibited intraspecies variability among the R. prowazekii genomes that have been completely sequenced. The assays for the presence of these SNP and INDEL sites, particularly the latter, comprise a low technology gel method for consistently distinguishing R. typhi and R. prowazekii as well as for differentiating genetic types of R. typhi.
| S-EPMC9203007 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with rickettsial infection may present with encephalitis or meningitis but neurologic involvement is rare in murine typhus. Here, we report two patients with Rickettsia typhi meningitis who presented with cranial neuropathy, presumably caused by two distinct disease processes. Recognition of the disease manifestations is important because rickettsial infections are potentially associated with significant morbidity. Simple effective treatments are available.
| S-EPMC4350562 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND: Rickettsiatyphi is the etiological agent of murine typhus (MT), a disease transmitted by two cycles: rat-flea-rat, and peridomestic cycle. Murine typhus is often misdiagnosed and underreported. A correct diagnosis is important because MT can cause severe illness and death. Our previous seroprevalence results pointed to presence of human R. typhi infection in our region; however, no clinical case has been reported. Although cats have been related to MT, no naturally infected cat has been described. The aim of the study is to confirm the existence of R. typhi in our location analyzing its presence in cats and fleas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 221 cats and 80 fleas were collected from Veterinary clinics, shelters, and the street (2001-2009). Variables surveyed were: date of collection, age, sex, municipality, living place, outdoor activities, demographic area, healthy status, contact with animals, and ectoparasite infestation. IgG against R. typhi were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Molecular detection in cats and fleas was performed by real-time PCR. Cultures were performed in those cats with positive molecular detection. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Thirty-five (15.8%) cats were seropositive. There were no significant associations among seropositivity and any variables. R. typhi was detected in 5 blood and 2 cultures. High titres and molecular detection were observed in stray cats and pets, as well as in spring and winter. All fleas were Ctenocephalides felis. R. typhi was detected in 44 fleas (55%), from shelters and pets. Co-infection with R. felis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although no clinical case has been described in this area, the presence of R. typhi in cats and fleas is demonstrated. Moreover, a considerable percentage of those animals lived in households. To our knowledge, this is the first time R. typhi is detected in naturally infected cats.
| S-EPMC3735526 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rickettsioses are emerging febrile diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia typhi belongs to the typhus group (TG) of this family and is the causative agent of endemic typhus, a disease that can be fatal. In the present study, we analyzed the course of R. typhi infection in C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice. Although these mice lack adaptive immunity, they developed only mild and temporary symptoms of disease and survived R. typhi infection for a long period of time. To our surprise, 3 to 4 months after infection, C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice suddenly developed lethal neurological disorders. Analysis of these mice at the time of death revealed high bacterial loads, predominantly in the brain. This was accompanied by a massive expansion of microglia and by neuronal cell death. Furthermore, high numbers of infiltrating CD11b(+) macrophages were detectable in the brain. In contrast to the microglia, these cells harbored R. typhi and showed an inflammatory phenotype, as indicated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, which was not observed in the periphery. Having shown that R. typhi persists in immunocompromised mice, we finally asked whether the bacteria are also able to persist in resistant C57BL/6 and BALB/c wild-type mice. Indeed, R. typhi could be recultivated from lung, spleen, and brain tissues from both strains even up to 1 year after infection. This is the first report demonstrating persistence and reappearance of R. typhi, mainly restricted to the central nervous system in immunocompromised mice.
| S-EPMC4862704 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report a human case of rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic Rainforest in Mexico in an adult woman from a small town in the north of Yucatan, Mexico. We confirmed diagnosis using conventional PCR and sequence analysis. Health providers should be aware of clinical manifestations of rickettsioses in this region.
| S-EPMC8798671 | biostudies-literature