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Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to develop and validate a de novo food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States. Diet histories from pilot samples of vegans and a modified 'Block Method' using seven selected nutrients of concern in vegan diet patterns, were employed to generate the questionnaire food list. Food frequency responses of 100 vegans from 19 different U.S. states were obtained via completed mailed questionnaires and compared to multiple telephone-conducted diet recall interviews. Computerized diet analyses were performed. Correlation coefficients, t-tests, rank, cross-tabulations, and probability tests were used to validate and compare intake estimates and dietary reference intake (DRI) assessment trends between the two methods. A 369-item vegan-specific questionnaire was developed with 252 listed food frequency items. Calorie-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.374 to 0.600 (p < 0.001) for all analyzed nutrients except calcium. Estimates, ranks, trends and higher-level participant percentile placements for Vitamin B12 were similar with both methods. Questionnaire intakes were higher than recalls for most other nutrients. Both methods demonstrated similar trends in DRI adequacy assessment (e.g., significantly inadequate vitamin D intake among vegans). This vegan-specific questionnaire can be a useful assessment tool for health screening initiatives in U.S. vegan communities.

SUBMITTER: Dyett P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4113754 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States.

Dyett Patricia P Rajaram Sujatha S Haddad Ella H EH Sabate Joan J

Nutrients 20140708 7

This study aimed to develop and validate a de novo food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States. Diet histories from pilot samples of vegans and a modified 'Block Method' using seven selected nutrients of concern in vegan diet patterns, were employed to generate the questionnaire food list. Food frequency responses of 100 vegans from 19 different U.S. states were obtained via completed mailed questionnaires and compared to multiple telephone-conducted diet recall int ...[more]

PMID: 25006856

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Project description:BackgroundThere are limited validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for infants and toddlers, most of which were evaluated in Europe or Oceania, and the ones available for use in the United States have important limitations.ObjectiveOur aim was to assess the validity of an FFQ developed for infants and toddlers.DesignA semi-quantitative FFQ was developed that included 52 food items, their sources, and portion sizes. The FFQ inquired about diets over the previous 7 days. Its validity was assessed in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed the FFQ, followed by a 24-hour recall on two occasions with 1 week between data collection.Participants/settingA total of 296 caregivers of infants and toddlers aged 0 to 24 months enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Puerto Rico.Main outcome measuresIntake of nutrients and food groups were averaged for the two FFQs and the two 24-hour food recalls, and adjusted for energy intake.Statistical analyses performedSpearman correlations were performed for intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods between administrations and between instruments. Correlation coefficients were de-attenuated to account for variation in the 24-hour recalls.ResultsA total of 241 participants completed the study. Intake of all nutrients and foods were significantly correlated between FFQs and 24-hour recalls and between the means of FFQs and 24-hour food recalls. The de-attenuated correlation for nutrients between the FFQs and 24-hour recalls ranged from 0.26 (folate) to 0.77 (energy), with a mean correlation of 0.53. The de-attenuated correlation for food groups between the FFQs and 24-hour recalls ranged from 0.28 (sweets) to 0.80 (breast milk), with a mean correlation of 0.55. When analyses were restricted to those consuming foods other than breast milk or formula (n=186), results were similar.ConclusionsThis semi-quantitative FFQ is a tool that offers reasonably valid rankings for intake of energy, nutrients, foods, and food groups in this sample of infants and toddlers.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary intakes due to their ability to assess intake over extended periods, their low respondent burden, and their cost-effectiveness. A quantitative FFQ that includes locally appropriate food items for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population was developed, but its validity has not previously been evaluated. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relative validity of a newly developed FFQ as a dietary assessment tool for 5-year-old children in a multiethnic Asian population. DESIGN:The 112 -food item FFQ was administered by trained interviewers to caregivers of children. Frequency of food items consumed in the previous month and portion size information were collected. The FFQs were evaluated against 3-day nonweighed diet records (DRs) completed by caregivers. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING:The dietary data of 361 children aged 5 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort were collected in 2015-2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Nutrients of interest included energy, macronutrients, fiber, cholesterol, vitamin A, beta carotene, calcium, and iron, calculated from the FFQs and DRs. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED:Nutrient intakes according to FFQs in relation to DRs were assessed using Pearson's correlation, Lin's concordance, Bland-Altman plots, quintile joint classification, and Cohen's ? statistics. RESULTS:The highest energy-adjusted correlation (Pearson's r=0.71) and concordance (Lin's concordance=0.69) were observed for calcium. Fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, and iron also showed correlation coefficients and concordance of at least 0.40. Bland-Altman plots suggested no substantial bias across ranges of intakes for the nutrients with correlations and concordance of 0.40 or above. Quintiles joint classification showed substantial agreement for calcium (?=0.66), and moderate agreement for iron, fiber, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and beta carotene (?=0.59, 0.54, 0.49, 0.44, 0.43, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:The newly developed FFQ is in reasonable agreement with DR for estimating intakes of calcium, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, cholesterol, and iron. In addition, the FFQ is able to classify children according to quintiles of nutrient intakes, with moderate to substantial quintile agreements between FFQ and DR for calcium, iron, fiber, saturated fat, PUFA, and beta carotene. To assess the remaining nutrients, DR method is recommended instead of the FFQ.

Project description:Background:The Vascular lifestyle-Intervention and Screening in phArmacies (VISA) study investigates diet and lifestyle factors associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As part of the study methodology, a short Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), the VISA-FFQ, was adapted from the Norwegian NORDIET-FFQ. Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the VISA-FFQ and its ability to estimate intakes of foods and lifestyle factors in screening for elevated risk of CVD. The evaluation included assessment of relative validity of intake of milk fat and assessment of reproducibility of several foods and lifestyle factors. Design:Relative validity of milk fat estimated from the VISA-FFQ was assessed in 307 participants by comparing estimated dietary intake of the fatty acids pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0), from milk fat with whole blood biomarkers 15:0 and 17:0. Reproducibility was evaluated in 122 participants by comparing consistency in intakes of different foods and lifestyle factors reported by the VISA-FFQ and administered twice with a 4-week interval. Results:Dietary 15:0 milk fat estimated from the VISA-FFQ correlated positively with whole blood 15:0 (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). Men presented higher correlations than women did. Acceptable and consistent reproducibility (r = 0.44-0.94 and no large difference between test and retest) was observed for most beverages, milk products, spreads on bread and meat (all of which included food items categorised into at least two fat categories) and also for eggs, fruits and vegetables, nuts, pasta and rice, dessert/sweets, smoking and physical activity. Reproducibility did not consistently meet a satisfactory standard (r ? 0.41 or large difference between test and retest) for unsweetened cereals, fatty fish, cakes, oils, white-, bread, crispbread and rice. Conclusion:The validity of the VISA-FFQ was acceptable for intake of milk fat, and there was an overall satisfactory, though variable, reproducibility for intake of several foods and lifestyle factors in the VISA-FFQ.

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Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States.

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Evaluation of a validated food frequency questionnaire for self-defined vegans in the United States.

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