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Biofilm forming ability of a new bacterial isolate from dental caries: An atomic force microscopic study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Dental plaque being one of the most-studied biofilm communities, is particularly complex because it consists of thousands of bacterial species, and new species are still being isolated and characterized. The aim of the present study is to characterize surface topography of the biofilm formed by a new bacterial isolate, obtained from the dental caries lesion using atomic force microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Ten clinical isolates were obtained from five teeth with carious lesions involving dentine. Quantification of the biofilm forming ability of the clinical isolates was performed using microtiter plate assay. Bacterial isolate exhibiting maximum biofilm formation was subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and atomic force microscopic analysis. RESULTS:The bacterial strain JKAS-CD2 displayed the highest similarity to 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of the family Streptococcaceae. It shared 95.3-99.3% similarity to the type strains of genus Streptococcus and 99.9% sequence similarity to the type strain Streptococcus infantarius. Atomic Force Microscopic analysis confirmed that the sucrose dependent bacterial adhesion for stable biofilm development has increased over a time-span on the thin film of enamel. Major structural components of plaque such as clumping of colonies and slime layer were clearly visualized by surface image of JKAS-CD2 cells grown on the enamel powder coated glass surface. CONCLUSION:JKAS-CD2 emerged as an obligate biofilm forming microbe under sucrose-dependent condition; a mechanism for adherence that determines the survival and persistence of the bacteria in the oral cavity and thus implicated with the dental caries.

SUBMITTER: Arul AS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4121898 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Biofilm forming ability of a new bacterial isolate from dental caries: An atomic force microscopic study.

Arul A Sri Kennath J AS Palanivelu Peramachi P

Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine 20140701 2

<h4>Background</h4>Dental plaque being one of the most-studied biofilm communities, is particularly complex because it consists of thousands of bacterial species, and new species are still being isolated and characterized. The aim of the present study is to characterize surface topography of the biofilm formed by a new bacterial isolate, obtained from the dental caries lesion using atomic force microscopy.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Ten clinical isolates were obtained from five teeth with cari ...[more]

PMID: 25097398

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Project description:Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms living together at an interface. Because biofilms are often associated with contamination and infection, it is critical to understand how bacterial cells adhere to surfaces in the early stages of biofilm formation. Even harmless commensal Escherichia coli naturally forms biofilms in the human digestive tract by adhering to epithelial cells, a trait that presents major concerns in the case of pathogenic E. coli strains. The laboratory strain E. coli ZK1056 provides an intriguing model system for pathogenic E. coli strains because it forms biofilms robustly on a wide range of surfaces.E. coli ZK1056 cells spontaneously form living biofilms on polylysine-coated AFM cantilevers, allowing us to measure quantitatively by AFM the adhesion between native biofilm cells and substrates of our choice. We use these biofilm-covered cantilevers to probe E. coli ZK1056 adhesion to five substrates with distinct and well-characterized surface chemistries, including fluorinated, amine-terminated, and PEG-like monolayers, as well as unmodified silicon wafer and mica. Notably, after only 0-10 s of contact time, the biofilms adhere strongly to fluorinated and amine-terminated monolayers as well as to mica and weakly to "antifouling" PEG monolayers, despite the wide variation in hydrophobicity and charge of these substrates. In each case the AFM retraction curves display distinct adhesion profiles in terms of both force and distance, highlighting the cells' ability to adapt their adhesive properties to disparate surfaces. Specific inhibition of the pilus protein FimH by a nonhydrolyzable mannose analogue leads to diminished adhesion in all cases, demonstrating the critical role of type I pili in adhesion by this strain to surfaces bearing widely different functional groups. The strong and adaptable binding of FimH to diverse surfaces has unexpected implications for the design of antifouling surfaces and antiadhesion therapies.

Project description:OBJECTIVES:The hierarchical structure of enamel gives insight on the properties of enamel and can influence its strength and ultimately caries experience. Currently, past caries experience is quantified using the decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, missing, filled surface (DMFT/DMFS for permanent teeth; dmft/dmfs for primary teeth), or international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) scores. By analyzing the structure of enamel, a new measurement can be utilized clinically to predict susceptibility to future caries experience based on a patient's individual's biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that number of prisms by square millimeter in enamel and average gap distance between prisms and interprismatic areas, influence caries experience through genetic variation of the genes involved in enamel formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of enamel from primary teeth were used to measure (i) number of prisms by square millimeter and interprismatic spaces, (ii) prism density, and (iii) gap distances between prisms in the enamel samples. The measurements were tested to explore a genetic association with variants of selected genes and correlations with caries experience based on the individual's DMFT+ dmft score and enamel microhardness at baseline, after an artificial lesion was created and after the artificial lesion was treated with fluoride. RESULTS:Associations were found between variants of genes including ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin, tuftelin interactive protein 11, beta defensin 1, matrix metallopeptidase 20 and enamel structure variables measured (number of prisms by square millimeter in enamel and average gap distance between prisms and interprismatic areas). Significant correlations were found between caries experience and microhardness and enamel structure. Negative correlations were found between number of prisms by square millimeter and high caries experience (r value= -0.71), gap distance between prisms and the enamel microhardness after an artificial lesion was created (r value= -0.70), and gap distance between prisms and the enamel microhardness after an artificial lesion was created and then treated with fluoride (r value= -0.81). There was a positive correlation between number of prisms by square millimeter and prism density of the enamel (r value = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS:Our data support that genetic variation may impact enamel formation, and therefore influence susceptibility to dental caries and future caries experience. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:The evaluation of enamel structure that may impact caries experience allows for hypothesizing that the identification of individuals at higher risk for dental caries and implementation of personalized preventative treatments may one day become a reality.

Project description:IntroductionThe Air Force uses dental caries risk assessments (CRA) to determine which active duty Air Force (ADAF) members are at high caries risk (HCR) and will benefit from additional preventive and restorative dental care. The purpose of this study is to describe the caries risk of ADAF from 2009 to 2017 and determine how demographic, military, and tobacco-use characteristics affect caries risk.Materials and methodsData from ~300,000 ADAF annual dental examinations from 2009 to 2017 were used. The outcome variable investigated was dental caries risk (high, moderate, or low). Independent variables analyzed were: age, sex, race, education, marital status, military rank, service years, flying status, and tobacco use. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed to explore associations between potential risk indicators and caries risk outcomes.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2013, there was a steady decline in ADAF that were diagnosed as low caries risk (LCR), from 80.3% to 67.7%. Since 2013, the prevalence of ADAF that are LCR has remained unchanged at about two-thirds of the force. The proportion of the ADAF that are moderate caries risk (MCR) increased from 15.7% in 2009 to 25.3% in 2013 and remained unchanged affecting about a quarter of the force since then. The proportion that was diagnosed as HCR increased from 3.9% in 2009 to 7.1% in 2013 and declined slightly in 2017 (6.0%). After controlling for other covariates, younger age (<20 years old: odds ratio [OR], 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-5.8), less time in service (≤4 years: OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7-2.6), junior rank (E-1-E-4: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8), less education (high-school graduate: OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.6), using tobacco (Smoker: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.7), being a nonflyer (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3), being male (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.1-1.2), or being black (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.2) were each associated with being HCR. Among the cohort of Airmen who were LCR at baseline, the majority (75.9%) remained at low risk, but for nearly a quarter (24.1%), their risk of caries increased over 9 years. Among those who were originally MCR in 2009, 61.5% improved to LCR, whereas 4.6% progressed to HCR; among those identified as high risk for caries in 2009, a substantial majority (89.1%) improved over 9 years, but 10.9% remained unchanged.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HCR and MCR service members increased from 2009 to 2013 but has remained consistent since 2013. Overall caries risk in the Air Force is lower compared to previously published findings from 2001 to 2004. This suggests that CRA and prevention programs have been effective at helping to reduce caries prevalence among Airmen. Smoking prevalence among ADAF has also declined substantially over the past 16 years which may contribute to overall caries risk reductions. Using a CRA approach may be an effective tool for helping to identify and develop strategies to manage dental caries risk in patients.

Dataset Information

Biofilm forming ability of a new bacterial isolate from dental caries: An atomic force microscopic study.

Publications

Biofilm forming ability of a new bacterial isolate from dental caries: An atomic force microscopic study.

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