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Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. This disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (DON), the major type B trichothecene mycotoxin. DON has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) is a model cereal species which has been shown to be susceptible to FHB. Here, a functional genomics approach was performed in order to characterize the responses of Bd to Fg infection using a global transcriptional and metabolomic profiling of B. distachyon plants infected by two strains of F. graminearum: a wild-type strain producing DON (Fgdon+) and a mutant strain impaired in the production of the mycotoxin (Fgdon-). RESULTS: Histological analysis of the interaction of the Bd21 ecotype with both Fg strains showed extensive fungal tissue colonization with the Fgdon+ strain while the florets infected with the Fgdon- strain exhibited a reduced hyphal extension and cell death on palea and lemma tissues. Fungal biomass was reduced in spikes inoculated with the Fgdon- strain as compared with the wild-type strain. The transcriptional analysis showed that jasmonate and ethylene-signalling pathways are induced upon infection, together with genes encoding putative detoxification and transport proteins, antioxidant functions as well as secondary metabolite pathways. In particular, our metabolite profiling analysis showed that tryptophan-derived metabolites, tryptamine, serotonin, coumaroyl-serotonin and feruloyl-serotonin, are more induced upon infection by the Fgdon+ strain than by the Fgdon- strain. Serotonin was shown to exhibit a slight direct antimicrobial effect against Fg. CONCLUSION: Our results show that Bd exhibits defense hallmarks similar to those already identified in cereal crops. While the fungus uses DON as a virulence factor, the host plant preferentially induces detoxification and the phenylpropanoid and phenolamide pathways as resistance mechanisms. Together with its amenability in laboratory conditions, this makes Bd a very good model to study cereal resistance mechanisms towards the major disease FHB.

SUBMITTER: Pasquet JC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4124148 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum.

Pasquet Jean-Claude JC Chaouch Séjir S Macadré Catherine C Balzergue Sandrine S Huguet Stéphanie S Martin-Magniette Marie-Laure ML Bellvert Floriant F Deguercy Xavier X Thareau Vincent V Heintz Dimitri D Saindrenan Patrick P Dufresne Marie M

BMC genomics 20140725

<h4>Background</h4>Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. This disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (DON), the major type B trichothecene mycotoxin. DON has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. Brachy ...[more]

PMID: 25063396

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Project description:Brachypodium distachyon as an annual species that colonises broken ground is a highly appropriate model to define drought tolerance mechanisms. We have previously identified accessions exhibiting drought tolerance, high susceptibility and intermediate tolerance to drought; respectively, ABR8, KOZ1 and ABR4, from a screen of 138 genotypes. To define the mechanisms of tolerance, the responses to drought were assessed using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. Analysis of RNA-seq before and following drought suggested relatively few differentially expressed genes in ABR8. Linking these to gene ontology (GO) terms revealed an enrichment for biological processes related to “regulated stress response”, “plant cell wall” and “oxidative stress”. Interestingly, drought tolerance also appeared to correlate with pre-existing differences in gene expression linked to GO terms associated with the cell wall. These included glycoside hydrolases involved in cell wall remodelling, pectin methylesterases, expansins and a pectin acetylesterase. Metabolomic assessments of the same samples also indicated few statistically significant changes in ABR8 with drought. Instead, pre-existing differences in the cell-wall associated metabolites appeared to correlate with drought tolerance. Our data suggests two different modes/levels at which cell wall characteristics can play a role in conferring drought tolerance: (i) an active response mode/level which involves stress induced changes in cell wall features to help the plant cope with drought and (ii) an intrinsic mode in which innate differences in cell wall composition and architecture between genotypes are important in determining tolerance to drought stress. Both modes seem to contribute to the drought tolerance of ABR8. Identification of the exact mechanisms through which the cell wall confers drought tolerance will be important to fully exploit the contribution of the cell wall in the development of drought tolerant cereals and other grasses.

Project description:A microcosm study was conducted at two different temperatures under laboratory conditions to investigate the regulatory capacity and the interactive performance of two soil fauna species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, earthworms, and Proisotoma minuta, collembolans) on the reduction of Fusarium toxins in contaminated maize stubbles. Single and mixed species treatments were exposed to artificially infected maize stubbles highly contaminated with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) (10,462 µg kg-1) and zearalenone (ZEN) (2,780 µg kg-1) at 17 °C and 25 °C for time periods of 3 and 6 weeks. Immediately after the respective end of incubation, the microcosms were heavily watered to determine the leaching potential of DON and ZEN from contaminated maize stubbles. Maize residues, soil, and eluted water (percolate) samples were analysed for mycotoxin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The biomass of introduced earthworms and number of collembolans were monitored to get information about their adaptability to the experimental conditions. While the decline of ZEN was temperature-dependent, but not influenced by faunal activities, a reduction of DON due to faunal impact was observed by trend. In the leaching experiment, 67-82% of the DON content in the residual maize stubbles leached from the plant material by irrigation and was detected in the soil (1.9-3.4 µg kg-1) and in the percolate (12-295 µg L-1). In the case of ZEN, 27-50% of the mycotoxin leached from the residual maize stubbles due to watering but was only occasionally detected in traces in the soil and not found in the percolate. The results clearly reveal a leaching potential of both DON and ZEN, respectively, but a mobilisation with water was only observed for DON. Temperature confirmed to be a key factor, affecting the fate of the mycotoxins in the soil by driving the interaction between different soil fauna members as well as functional and trophic levels within the soil food web.

Dataset Information

Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum.

Publications

Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum.

Similar Datasets

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