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New combinations in Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales).

ABSTRACT: Unitary nomenclature demands the use of a single name for pleomorphic fungi determined according to priority. For this reason combinations in Trichoderma are here provided for 46 species for which such a combination is lacking. Although many more such species are known, only those are included here that are dealt with in more recent papers and where some DNA data are available in GenBank, even if erroneous; for other species it is strongly recommended to consult databases like Index Fungorum or MycoBank. Information on types is provided for most species, and representative cultures, GenBank accessions for tef1 and rpb2, and important references are given for all species.

SUBMITTER: Jaklitsch WM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4140210 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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New combinations in Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales).

Jaklitsch Walter M WM Voglmayr Hermann H

Mycotaxon. 20131001

Unitary nomenclature demands the use of a single name for pleomorphic fungi determined according to priority. For this reason combinations in Trichoderma are here provided for 46 species for which such a combination is lacking. Although many more such species are known, only those are included here that are dealt with in more recent papers and where some DNA data are available in GenBank, even if erroneous; for other species it is strongly recommended to consult databases like Index Fungo ...[more]

PMID: 25152549

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Project description:IntroductionFungal mitogenomes exhibit remarkable variation in conformation, size, gene content, arrangement and expression, including their intergenic spacers and introns.MethodsThe complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis was determined using the Illumina next-generation sequencing technology. We used data from our recent Illumina NGS-based project of T. koningiopsis genome sequencing to study its mitochondrial genome. The mitogenome was assembled, annotated, and compared with other fungal mitogenomes.ResultsT. koningiopsis strain POS7 mitogenome is a circular molecule of 27,560 bp long with a GC content of 27.80%. It harbors the whole complement of the 14 conserved mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCG) such as atp6, atp8, atp9, cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, and nad6, also found in the same gene order to other Hypocreales. The mitogenome also contains 26 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 5 of them with more than one copy. Other genes also present in the assembled mitochondrial genome are a small rRNA subunit and a large rRNA subunit containing ribosomal protein S3 gene. Despite the small genome size, two introns were detected in the T. koningiopsis POS7 mitogenome, one of them in cox3 gene and the other in rnl gene, accounting 7.34% of this mitogenome with a total size of 2,024 bp. A phylogenetic analysis was done using the 14 PCGs genes of T. koningiopsis strain POS7 mitogenome to compare them with those from other fungi of the Subphyla Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina. T. koningiopsis strain POS7 was clustered together with other representatives of Trichoderma lineage, within the Hypocreales group, which is also supported by previous phylogenetic studies based on nuclear markers.DiscussionThe mitochondrial genome of T. koningiopsis POS7 will allow further investigations into the taxonomy, phylogenetics, conservation genetics, and evolutionary biology of this important genus as well as other closely related species.

Project description:Fungi cause diverse, serious socio-economic problems, including biodeterioration of valuable products and materials that spawns a biocides industry worth ~$11 billion globally. To help combat environmental fungi that commonly colonise material products, this study tested the hypothesis that combination of an approved fungicide with diverse agents approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) could reveal potent combinatorial activities with promise for fungicidal applications. The strategy to use approved compounds lowers potential development risks for any effective combinations. A high-throughput assay of 1280 FDA-approved compounds was conducted to find those that potentiate the effect of iodopropynyl-butyl-carbamate (IPBC) on the growth of Trichoderma virens; IPBC is one of the two most widely used Biocidal Products Regulations-approved fungicides. From this library, 34 compounds in combination with IPBC strongly inhibited fungal growth. Low-cost compounds that gave the most effective growth inhibition were tested against other environmental fungi that are standard biomarkers for resistance of synthetic materials to fungal colonisation. Trifluoperazine (TFZ) in combination with IPBC enhanced growth inhibition of three of the five test fungi. The antifungal hexetidine (HEX) potentiated IPBC action against two of the test organisms. Testable hypotheses on the mechanisms of these combinatorial actions are discussed. Neither IPBC + TFZ nor IPBC + HEX exhibited a combinatorial effect against mammalian cells. These combinations retained strong fungal growth inhibition properties after incorporation to a polymer matrix (alginate) with potential for fungicide delivery. The study reveals the potential of such approved compounds for novel combinatorial applications in the control of fungal environmental opportunists. KEY POINTS: • Search with an approved fungicide to find new fungicidal synergies in drug libraries. • New combinations inhibit growth of key environmental fungi on different matrices. • The approach enables a more rapid response to demand for new biocides.

Dataset Information

New combinations in Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales).

Publications

New combinations in <i>Trichoderma</i> (<i>Hypocreaceae</i>, <i>Hypocreales</i>).

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