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The causal nature of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drug abuse: a prospective national Swedish co-relative control study.

ABSTRACT: Risk for drug abuse (DA) is strongly associated with neighborhood social deprivation (SD). However, the causal nature of this relationship is unclear.Three Swedish population-based cohorts were followed up over 5 years for incident registration of DA in medical, legal or pharmacy records. In each cohort, we examined the SD-DA association, controlling carefully for individual socio-economic status (SES) with multiple measures, in the entire sample and among pairs of first cousins, paternal and maternal half-siblings, full siblings and monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for SD exposure. The number of informative relative pairs ranged from 6366 to 166,208.In all cohorts, SD was prospectively related to risk for incident DA. In relative pairs discordant for SD exposure, the SD-DA association was similar to that seen in the entire population in cousins, half-siblings, full siblings and MZ twins. Eliminating subjects who were residentially unstable or had DA in the first two follow-up years did not alter this pattern. When divided by age, in the youngest groups, the SD-DA association was weaker in siblings than in the entire population.Across three cohorts, controlling for individual SES and confounding familial factors, SD prospectively predicted risk for incident DA registration. These results support the hypothesis that the SD-DA association is in part causal and unlikely to result entirely from personal attributes, which both increase risk for DA and cause selection into high SD environments. At least part of the SD-DA association arises because exposure to SD causes an increased risk of DA.

SUBMITTER: Kendler KS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4143383 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The causal nature of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drug abuse: a prospective national Swedish co-relative control study.

Kendler K S KS Ohlsson H H Sundquist K K Sundquist J J

Psychological medicine 20140901 12

<h4>Background</h4>Risk for drug abuse (DA) is strongly associated with neighborhood social deprivation (SD). However, the causal nature of this relationship is unclear.<h4>Method</h4>Three Swedish population-based cohorts were followed up over 5 years for incident registration of DA in medical, legal or pharmacy records. In each cohort, we examined the SD-DA association, controlling carefully for individual socio-economic status (SES) with multiple measures, in the entire sample and among pairs ...[more]

PMID: 25055172

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Project description:The purpose of this study was to clarify the causes of the smoking-schizophrenia association.Using Cox proportional hazard and co-relative control models, the authors predicted future risk for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or nonaffective psychosis from the smoking status of 1,413,849 women and 233,879 men from, respectively, the Swedish birth and conscript registries.Smoking was assessed in women at a mean age of 27 and in men at a mean age of 18. The mean age at end of follow-up was 46 for women and 26 for men. Hazard ratios for first-onset schizophrenia were elevated both for light smoking (2.21 [95% CI=1.90-2.56] for women and 2.15 [95% CI=1.25-3.44] for men) and heavy smoking (3.45 [95% CI=2.95-4.03] for women and 3.80 [95% CI=1.19-6.60] for men). These associations did not decline when schizophrenia onsets 3-5 years after smoking assessment were censored. When age, socioeconomic status, and drug abuse were controlled for, hazard ratios declined only modestly in both samples. Women who smoked into late pregnancy had a much higher risk for schizophrenia than those who quit early. Hazard ratios predicting nonaffective psychosis in the general population, in cousins, in half siblings, and in full siblings discordant for heavy smoking were, respectively, 2.67, 2.71, 2.54, and 2.18. A model utilizing all relative pairs predicted a hazard ratio of 1.69 (95% CI=1.17-2.44) for nonaffective psychosis in the heavy-smoking member of discordant monozygotic twin pairs.Smoking prospectively predicts risk for schizophrenia. This association does not arise from smoking onset during a schizophrenic prodrome and demonstrates a clear dose-response relationship. While little of this association is explained by epidemiological confounders, a portion arises from common familial/genetic risk factors. However, in full siblings and especially monozygotic twins discordant for smoking, risk for nonaffective psychosis is appreciably higher in the smoking member. These results can help in evaluating the plausibility of various etiological hypotheses for the smoking-schizophrenia association.

Project description:Background: No study to date, as far as we know, has analyzed the potential effect of neighborhood-level deprivation on autoimmune disorders (ADs), when adjusted for individual-level characteristics. Methods: A total of 5.4 million individuals from 8363 neighborhoods, comprising the whole Swedish population (ages 25-74 years), were followed for the period 1 January 2000, until admission due to diagnosis of ADs during the period of the study, or the conclusion of the study (31 December 2010). We used a neighborhood deprivation index, constructed from variables such as low education, low income, unemployment, and social welfare assistance, to assess the level of neighborhood deprivation. Multilevel logistic regression was used in the analysis with individual level characteristics at the first level and level of neighborhood deprivation at the second level. Results: A significant association between level of neighborhood deprivation and ADs was found. The crude odds were 1.32 (95% confidence interval 1.27-1.36) for those residing in the high-deprived neighborhoods compared to those living in low-deprivation neighborhoods. In the full model, where individual level characteristics were taken into account, the odds of ADs were 1.18 (1.14-1.22) in the most deprived neighborhoods. Certain Ads-angiitis hypersensitive (5.14), ankylosing spondylitis (1.66), celiac disease (1.65), Crohn's disease (1.21), diabetes mellitus type 1 (1.45), Graves's disease (1.13), Hashimoto thyroiditis (1.51), psoriasis (1.15), rheumatoid arthritis (1.15), sarcoidosis (1.20), and systemic sclerosis (1.27)-remained significantly associated with high level of neighborhood deprivation after adjustment for the individual-level variables. Conclusion: This study is the largest to date analyzing the potential influence of neighborhood deprivation on ADs. Our results indicate that neighborhood deprivation may affect risk of ADs, independent of individual level sociodemographic characteristics. For health care policies, both individual and neighborhood level approaches seem to be of importance.

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The causal nature of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drug abuse: a prospective national Swedish co-relative control study.

Publications

The causal nature of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drug abuse: a prospective national Swedish co-relative control study.

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