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Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) deficient mice: models for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctate type 3 (RCDP3) malformation syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by congenital cataracts, shortening of the proximal limbs, neurological abnormalities, seizures, growth delays, and severe intellectual disability. Most RCDP children die in the first decade of life due to respiratory complications. Mutations in alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) cause RCDP type 3 (RCDP3). We've previously established that cataracts and male infertility in blind sterile 2 (bs2) mice are caused by a spontaneous hypomorphic mutation in Agps. As a part of this study, we set out to further explore the bs2 phenotypes and how they correlate to the clinical presentations of RCDP3 patients. Our results show that ∼50% bs2 mice die embryonically and surviving bs2 mice exhibit growth delays that they overcome by adulthood. The X-ray analysis of adult bs2 mice revealed significant humeral, but not femoral shortening. Clinical and histological eye evaluations revealed that bs2 lenses undergo normal development with first opacities developing at P21 that by P28 rapidly progress to mature cataracts. Evaluation of testes determined that infertility in bs2 mice is due to the aberrant formation of multicellular cellular clusters that undergo apoptosis. Given that the bs2 locus is a hypomorphic Agps mutation, we set out to generate Agps knockout mice utilizing Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) resource. Our results showed that ∼85% of Agps knock-out mice die embryonically whereas surviving adult Agps knock-out mice phenotypically exhibit cataracts and testicular abnormalities similar to those observed in bs2 mice. Given that the majority of Agps knock-out mice die embryonically presented a challenge for further analyses of Agps deficiency in mouse models. Although not done as a part of this study, Agps-KOMP mice or ES cells can be further modified with FLP recombinase to generate mice suitable for subsequent matings with a transgenic Cre strain of choice, thereby providing an opportunity to study conditional Agps deficiency in a specific tissue or desired developmental time points without Agps deficiency-mediated embryonic lethality.

SUBMITTER: Liegel RP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4151185 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND: To describe the neurologic profiles of Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP); a peroxisomal disorder clinically characterized by skeletal abnormalities, congenital cataracts, severe growth and developmental impairments and immobility of joints. Defective plasmalogen biosynthesis is the main biochemical feature. METHODS: Observational study including review of clinical and biochemical abnormalities, genotype, presence of seizures and neurophysiological studies of a cohort of 16 patients with RCDP. RESULTS: Patients with the severe phenotype nearly failed to achieve any motor or cognitive skills, whereas patients with the milder phenotype had profound intellectual disability but were able to walk and had verbal communication skills. Eighty-eight percent of patients developed epileptic seizures. The age of onset paralleled the severity of the clinical and biochemical phenotype. Myoclonic jerks, followed by atypical absences were most frequently observed. All patients with clinical seizures had interictal encephalographic evidence of epilepsy. Visual evoked (VEP) and brain auditory potential (BAEP) studies showed initial normal latency times in 93% of patients. Deterioration of VEP occurred in a minority in both the severe and the milder phenotype. BAEP and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were more likely to become abnormal in the severe phenotype. Plasmalogens were deficient in all patients. In the milder phenotype levels of plasmalogens were significantly higher in erythrocytes than in the severe phenotype. Phytanic acid levels ranged from normal to severely increased, but had no relation with the neurological phenotype. CONCLUSION: Neurodevelopmental deficits and age-related occurrence of seizures are characteristic of RCDP and are related to the rest-activity in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Evoked potential studies are more likely to become abnormal in the severe phenotype, but are of no predictive value in single cases of RCDP.

Project description:Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder caused by defects in PEX7 leading to impairment in plasmalogen (Pls) biosynthesis and phytanic acid (PA) oxidation. Pls deficiency is the main pathogenic factor that determines the severity of RCDP. Severe (classic) RCDP patients have negligible Pls levels, congenital cataracts, skeletal dysplasia, growth and neurodevelopmental deficits, and cerebral hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI. Individuals with milder or nonclassic RCDP have higher Pls levels, better growth and cognitive outcomes. To better understand the pathophysiology of RCDP disorders, we generated an allelic series of Pex7 mice either homozygous for the hypomorphic allele, compound heterozygous for the hypomorphic and null alleles or homozygous for the null allele. Pex7 transcript and protein were almost undetectable in the hypomorphic model, and negligible in the compound heterozygous and null mice. Pex7 deficient mice showed a graded reduction in Pls and increases in C26:0-LPC and PA in plasma and brain according to genotype. Neuropathological evaluation showed significant loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells over time and a decrease in brain myelin basic protein (MBP) content in Pex7 deficient models, with more severe effects correlating with Pex7 genotype. All Pex7 deficient mice exhibited a hyperactive behavior in the open field environment. Brain neurotransmitters analysis of Pex7 deficient mice showed a significant reduction in levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA. Also, a significant correlation was found between brain neurotransmitter levels, the hyperactivity phenotype, Pls level and the severity of Pex7 genotype. In conclusion, our study showed evidence of a genotype-phenotype correlation between the severity of Pex7 deficiency and several clinical and neurobiochemical phenotypes in RCDP1 mouse models. We propose that PA accumulation may underlie the cerebellar atrophy seen in older RCDP1 patients, as even relatively low tissue levels were strongly associated with Purkinje cells loss over time in the murine models. Also, our data demonstrate the interrelation between Pls, brain neurotransmitter deficiencies and the neurobehavioral phenotype, which could be further used as a valuable clinical endpoint for therapeutic interventions. Finally, these models show that incremental increases in Pex7 levels result in dramatic improvements in phenotype.

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Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) deficient mice: models for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctate type 3 (RCDP3) malformation syndrome.

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