Is the COL5A1 rs12722 gene polymorphism associated with running economy?
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bertuzzi R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4154741 | biostudies-literature | 2014
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The economy of running has traditionally been quantified from the mass-specific oxygen uptake; however, because fuel substrate usage varies with exercise intensity, it is more accurate to express running economy in units of metabolic energy. Fundamentally, the understanding of the major factors that influence the energy cost of running (Erun) can be obtained with this approach. Erun is determined by the energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Here, we approach the study of Erun from that perspective. The amount of energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on the force, duration, shortening, shortening velocity, and length of the muscle. These factors therefore dictate the energy cost of running. It is understood that some determinants of the energy cost of running are not trainable: environmental factors, surface characteristics, and certain anthropometric features. Other factors affecting Erun are altered by training: other anthropometric features, muscle and tendon properties, and running mechanics. Here, the key features that dictate the energy cost during distance running are reviewed in the context of skeletal muscle energetics.
| S-EPMC5479897 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundThe percentage of sustained maximal oxygen uptake and the running economy are important factors that determine the running success of endurance athletes. Running economy is defined as the oxygen uptake required to run at a given speed and depends on metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors. With regard to anthropometric characteristics, total body mass seems to be a crucial factor for the running economy. Moreover, neuromuscular components, especially knee muscular strength and the strength balance ratio, also seem to be critical for the running economy. In addition to knee muscle strength, hip muscle strength is also an important contributor to running performance on level or hilly ground. However, the relationship between running economy and the hip muscles is unknown. Thus the aim of the present study was to verify whether hip flexor and extensor isokinetic peak torque, the isokinetic strength balance ratio, total body mass and fat free mass were associated with running economy in both sexes and to compare sex differences in physical fitness and isokinetic strength characteristics.MethodsA total of 24 male (31.0 ± 7.7 years, 176.2 ± 7.3 cm, and 70.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 15 female (31.3 ± 6.7 years, 162.9 ± 3.9 cm, and 56.0 ± 5.3 kg) recreationally-trained endurance runners were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, conventional (concentric flexors-to-concentric extensors) and functional (concentric flexors-to-eccentric extensors) hip isokinetic strength balance ratios, peak torque of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, total body mass, and fat-free mass were measured. Running economy was assessed on two separate days by means of the energy running cost (Ec) using a motorized treadmill at 10.0 and 12.0 km h-1 (3% gradient) and 11.0 and 14.0 km h-1 (1% gradient).ResultsThe functional balance ratio was significantly and negatively associated with Ec at 11.0 (r = - 0.43, P = 0.04) and 12.0 km h-1 (r = - 0.65, P = 0.04) when using a 3% gradient in male runners. Considering muscular strength, male runners only showed a significant relationship between Ec (assessed at 12 km h-1 and a 3% gradient) and peak torque for extensor muscle eccentric action (r = 0.72, P = 0.04). For female runners, only peak torque relative to total body mass for extensor muscles (180° s-1) was positively associated with Ec when assessed at 10 km h-1 using a 3% gradient (r = 0.59, P = 0.03). No significant relationships were found between Ec and total body mass or fat-free mass.DiscussionGiven that the functional balance ratio was associated with a better Ec, coaches and athletes should consider implementing a specific strengthening program for hip flexor muscles to increase the functional ratio.
| S-EPMC6063213 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aimed to investigate if ACTN3 gene polymorphism impacts the susceptibility to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and changes in running economy (RE) following downhill running. Thirty-five healthy men were allocated to the two groups based on their ACTN3 gene variants: RR and X allele carriers. Neuromuscular function [knee extensor isometric peak torque (IPT), rate of torque development (RTD), and countermovement, and squat jump height], indirect markers of EIMD [muscle soreness, mid-thigh circumference, knee joint range of motion, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity], and RE (oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion) for 5-min of running at a speed equivalent to 80% of individual maximal oxygen uptake speed were assessed before, immediately after, and 1-4 days after a 30-min downhill run (-15%). Neuromuscular function was compromised (P < 0.05) following downhill running with no differences between the groups, except for IPT, which was more affected in the RR individuals compared with the X allele carriers immediately (-24.9 ± 6.9% vs. -16.3 ± 6.5%, respectively) and 4 days (-16.6 ± 14.9% vs. -4.2 ± 9.5%, respectively) post-downhill running. EIMD manifested similarly for both the groups except for serum CK activity, which was greater for RR (398 ± 120 and 452 ± 126 U L-1 at 2 and 4 days following downhill running, respectively) compared with the X allele carriers (273 ± 121 and 352 ± 114 U L-1 at the same time points). RE was compromised following downhill running (16.7 ± 8.3% and 11 ± 7.5% increases in oxygen uptake immediately following downhill running for the RR and X allele carriers, respectively) with no difference between the groups. We conclude that although RR individuals appear to be more susceptible to EIMD following downhill running, this does not extend to the changes in RE.
| S-EPMC8634444 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human running is inefficient. For every 10 calories burned, less than 1 is needed to maintain a constant forward velocity - the remaining energy is, in a sense, wasted. The majority of this wasted energy is expended to support the bodyweight and redirect the center of mass during the stance phase of gait. An order of magnitude less energy is expended to brake and accelerate the swinging leg. Accordingly, most devices designed to increase running efficiency have targeted the costlier stance phase of gait. An alternative approach is seen in nature: spring-like tissues in some animals and humans are believed to assist leg swing. While it has been assumed that such a spring simply offloads the muscles that swing the legs, thus saving energy, this mechanism has not been experimentally investigated. Here, we show that a spring, or 'exotendon', connecting the legs of a human reduces the energy required for running by 6.4±2.8%, and does so through a complex mechanism that produces savings beyond those associated with leg swing. The exotendon applies assistive forces to the swinging legs, increasing the energy optimal stride frequency. Runners then adopt this frequency, taking faster and shorter strides, and reduce the joint mechanical work to redirect their center of mass. Our study shows how a simple spring improves running economy through a complex interaction between the changing dynamics of the body and the adaptive strategies of the runner, highlighting the importance of considering each when designing systems that couple human and machine.
| S-EPMC6765174 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPoor joint flexibility has been repeatedly proposed as a risk factor for muscle injury. The C-to-T polymorphism (rs12722) in the 3'-untranslated region of the collagen type V α1 chain gene (COL5A1) is reportedly associated with joint flexibility. Flexibility of a normal joint is largely determined by passive muscle stiffness, which is influenced by intramuscular collagenous connective tissues including type V collagen. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that the COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism influences joint flexibility via passive muscle stiffness, and is accordingly associated with the incidence of muscle injury.MethodsIn Study 1, we examined whether the rs12722 polymorphism is associated with joint flexibility and passive muscle stiffness in 363 healthy young adults. Joint flexibility was evaluated by passive straight-leg-raise and sit-and-reach tests, and passive muscle stiffness was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. In Study 2, the association of the rs12722 polymorphism with sports-related muscle injury was assessed in 1559 Japanese athletes. Muscle injury history and severity were assessed by a questionnaire. In both Study 1 and Study 2, the rs12722 C-to-T polymorphism in the COL5A1 was determined using the TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay.ResultsStudy 1 revealed that the rs12722 polymorphism had no significant effect on range of motion in passive straight-leg-raise and sit-and-reach tests. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in passive muscle stiffness of the hamstring among the rs12722 genotypes. In Study 2, rs12722 genotype frequencies did not differ between the muscle injury and no muscle injury groups. Moreover, no association was observed between rs12722 polymorphism and severity of muscle injury.ConclusionsThe present study does not support the view that COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism has a role as a risk factor for sports-related muscle injury, or that it is a determinant for passive muscle stiffness in a Japanese population.
| S-EPMC6889657 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the effects of adding shoe mass on running economy (RE), gait characteristics, neuromuscular variables and performance in a group of trained runners. Methods Eleven trained runners (6 men and 5 women) completed four evaluation sessions separated by at least 7 days. The first session consisted of a maximal incremental test where the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and the speed associated to the VO2max (vVO2max) were calculated. In the next sessions, RE at 75, 85, and 95% of the VT2 and the time to exhaustion (TTE) at vVO2max were assessed in three different shoe mass conditions (control, +50 g and +100 g) in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design. Biomechanical and neuromuscular variables, blood lactate and energy expenditure were measured during the TTE test. Results RE worsened with the increment of shoe mass (Control vs. 100 g) at 85% (7.40%, 4.409 ± 0.29 and 4.735 ± 0.27 kJ?kg?1?km?1, p = 0.021) and 95% (10.21%, 4.298 ± 0.24 and 4.737 ± 0.45 kJ?kg?1?km?1, p = 0.005) of VT2. HR significantly increased with the addition of mass (50 g) at 75% of VT2 (p = 0.01) and at 75, 85, and 95% of VT2 (p = 0.035, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively) with the addition of 100 g. TTE was significantly longer (?22%, ?42 s, p = 0.002, ES = 0.149) in the Control condition vs. 100 g condition, but not between Control vs. 50 g (?24 s, p = 0.094, ES = 0.068). Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that adding 100 g per shoe impairs running economy and performance in trained runners without changes in gait characteristics or neuromuscular variables. These findings further support the use of light footwear to optimize running performance.
| S-EPMC7538857 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During human running, the soleus, as the main plantar flexor muscle, generates the majority of the mechanical work through active shortening. The fraction of chemical energy that is converted into muscular work (enthalpy efficiency) depends on the muscle shortening velocity. Here, we investigated the soleus muscle fascicle behaviour during running with respect to the enthalpy efficiency as a mechanism that could contribute to improvements in running economy after exercise-induced increases of plantar flexor strength and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness. Using a controlled longitudinal study design (n = 23) featuring a specific 14-week muscle-tendon training, increases in muscle strength (10%) and tendon stiffness (31%) and reduced metabolic cost of running (4%) were found only in the intervention group (n = 13, p < 0.05). Following training, the soleus fascicles operated at higher enthalpy efficiency during the phase of muscle-tendon unit (MTU) lengthening (15%) and in average over stance (7%, p < 0.05). Thus, improvements in energetic cost following increases in plantar flexor strength and AT stiffness seem attributed to increased enthalpy efficiency of the operating soleus muscle. The results further imply that the soleus energy production in the first part of stance, when the MTU is lengthening, may be crucial for the overall metabolic energy cost of running.
| S-EPMC7893283 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThis study aimed to determine the independent effect of the curved carbon-fiber plate in the Nike Vaporfly 4% shoe on running economy and running biomechanics.MethodsFifteen healthy male runners completed a metabolic protocol and a biomechanics protocol. In both protocols participants wore 2 different shoes, an intact Nike Vaporfly 4% (VFintact) and a cut Nike Vaporfly 4% (VFcut). The VFcut had 6 medio-lateral cuts through the carbon-fiber plate in the forefoot to reduce the effectiveness of the plate. In the metabolic protocol, participants ran at 14 km/h for 5 min, twice with each shoe, on a force-measuring treadmill while we measured metabolic rate. In the biomechanics protocol, participants ran across a runway with embedded force plates at 14 km/h. We calculated running economy, kinetics, and lower limb joint mechanics.ResultsRunning economy did not significantly differ between shoe conditions (on average, 0.55% ± 1.77% (mean ± SD)) worse in the VFcut compared to the VFintact; 95% confidence interval (-1.44% to 0.40%). Biomechanical differences were only found in the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint with increased MTP dorsiflexion angle, angular velocity, and negative power in the VFcut. Contact time was 1% longer in the VFintact.ConclusionCutting the carbon-fiber plate and reducing the longitudinal bending stiffness did not have a significant effect on the energy savings in the Nike Vaporfly 4%. This suggests that the plate's stiffening effect on the MTP joint plays a limited role in the reported energy savings, and instead savings are likely from a combination and interaction of the foam, geometry, and plate.
| S-EPMC9189697 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study explored the impact of two differing warm-up protocols (involving either resistance exercises or plyometric exercises) on running economy (RE) in healthy recreationally active participants. Twelve healthy university students [three males, nine females, age 20 ± 2 years, maximal oxygen uptake (38.4 ± 6.4 ml min-1 kg-1)] who performed less than 5 h per week of endurance exercise volunteered to participant in this study. All participants completed three different warm-up protocols (control, plyometric, and resistance warm-up) in a counterbalanced crossover design with trials separated by 48 h, using a Latin-square arrangement. Dependent variables measured in this study were RE at four running velocities (7, 8, 9, and 10 km h-1), maximal oxygen uptake; heart rate; respiratory exchange rate; expired ventilation; perceived race readiness; rating of perceived exertion, time to exhaustion and leg stiffness. The primary finding of this study was that the plyometric warm-up improved RE compared to the control warm-up (6.2% at 7 km h-1, ES = 0.355, 9.1% at 8 km h-1, ES = 0.513, 4.5% at 9 km h-1, ES = 0.346, and 4.4% at 10 km h-1, ES = 0.463). There was no statistically significant difference in VO2 between control and resistance warm-up conditions at any velocity. There were also no statistically significant differences between conditions in other metabolic and pulmonary gas exchange variables; time to exhaustion; perceived race readiness and maximal oxygen uptake. However, leg stiffness increased by 20% (P = 0.039, ES = 0.90) following the plyometric warm-up and was correlated with the improved RE at a velocity of 8 km h-1 (r = 0.475, P = 0.041). No significant differences in RE were found between the control and resistance warm-up protocols. In comparison with the control warm-up protocol, an acute plyometric warm-up protocol can improve RE in healthy adults.
| S-EPMC7080849 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study was first to determine if level, uphill, and downhill energy cost of running (ECR) values were correlated at different slopes and for different running speeds, and second, to determine the influence of lower limb strength on ECR. Twenty-nine healthy subjects completed a randomized series of 4-min running bouts on an instrumented treadmill to determine their cardiorespiratory and mechanical (i.e., ground reaction forces) responses at different constant speeds (8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h-1) and different slopes (-20, -10, -5, 0, +5, +10, +15, and +20%). The subjects also performed a knee extensor (KE) strength assessment. Oxygen and energy costs of running values were correlated between all slopes by pooling all running speeds (all r 2 ≥ 0.27; p ≤ 0.021), except between the steepest uphill vs. level and the steepest downhill slope (i.e., +20% vs. 0% and -20% slopes; both p ≥ 0.214). When pooled across all running speeds, the ECR was inversely correlated with KE isometric maximal torque for the level and downhill running conditions (all r 2 ≥ 0.24; p ≤ 0.049) except for the steepest downhill slope (-20%), but not for any uphill slopes. The optimal downhill grade (i.e., lowest oxygen cost) varied between running speeds and ranged from -14% and -20% (all p < 0.001). The present results suggest that compared to level and shallow slopes, on steep slopes ~±20%, running energetics are determined by different factors (i.e., reduced bouncing mechanism, greater muscle strength for negative slopes, and cardiopulmonary fitness for positive slopes). On shallow negative slopes and during level running, ECR is related to KE strength.
| S-EPMC8281813 | biostudies-literature