Dataset Information

Vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC mediated by HMOX1 rescues retinal degeneration.

ABSTRACT: Blood vessel degeneration is critically involved in nearly all types of degenerative diseases. Therefore strategies to enhance blood vessel protection and survival are highly needed. In this study, using different animal models and cultured cells, we show that PDGF-CC is a potent vascular protective and survival factor. PDGF-CC deficiency by genetic deletion exacerbated blood vessel regression/degeneration in various animal models. Importantly, treatment with PDGF-CC protein not only increased the survival of retinal blood vessels in a model of oxygen-induced blood vessel regression but also markedly rescued retinal and blood vessel degeneration in a disease model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mechanistically, we revealed that heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) activity is critically required for the vascular protective/survival effect of PDGF-CC, because blockade of HMOX1 completely abolished the protective effect of PDGF-CC in vitro and in vivo. We further found that both PDGF receptors, PDGFR-? and PDGFR-?, are required for the vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC. Thus our data show that PDGF-CC plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood vessel survival and may be of therapeutic value in treating various types of degenerative diseases.

SUBMITTER: He C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4205610 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC mediated by HMOX1 rescues retinal degeneration.

He Chang C Zhao Chen C Kumar Anil A Lee Chunsik C Chen Mingquan M Huang Lijuan L Wang Jing J Ren Xiangrong X Jiang Yida Y Chen Wei W Wang Bin B Gao Zhiqin Z Zhong Zheng Z Huang Zijing Z Zhang Fan F Huang Bing B Ding Hao H Ju Rong R Tang Zhongshu Z Liu Yizhi Y Cao Yihai Y Li Xuri X Liu Xialin X

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20140929 41

Blood vessel degeneration is critically involved in nearly all types of degenerative diseases. Therefore strategies to enhance blood vessel protection and survival are highly needed. In this study, using different animal models and cultured cells, we show that PDGF-CC is a potent vascular protective and survival factor. PDGF-CC deficiency by genetic deletion exacerbated blood vessel regression/degeneration in various animal models. Importantly, treatment with PDGF-CC protein not only increased t ...[more]

PMID: 25267616

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Project description:Platelet-derived growth factor-CC (PDGF-CC) is the third member of the PDGF family discovered after more than two decades of studies on the original members of the family, PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB. The biological function of PDGF-CC remains largely to be explored. We report here a novel finding that PDGF-CC is a potent neuroprotective factor that acts by modulating glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3beta activity. In several different animal models of neuronal injury, such as axotomy-induced neuronal death, neurotoxin-induced neuronal injury, 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's dopaminergic neuronal death and ischemia-induced stroke, PDGF-CC protein or gene delivery protected different types of neurons from apoptosis in both the retina and brain. On the other hand, loss-of-function assays using PDGF-C null mice, neutralizing antibody or shRNA showed that PDGF-CC deficiency/inhibition exacerbated neuronal death in different neuronal tissues in vivo. Mechanistically, we revealed that the neuroprotective effect of PDGF-CC was achieved by regulating GSK3beta phosphorylation and expression. Our data demonstrate that PDGF-CC is critically required for neuronal survival, and may potentially be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of the PDGF-CC/receptor pathway for different clinical purposes should be conducted with caution to preserve normal neuronal functions. PDGF-C deficient mice were bred onto C57BL/6 background for more than six generations and littermates were used. After optic nerve crush (ONC), PDGF-CC protein Ã 1 Âµl of active recombinant human PDGF-CC protein 0.5 Âµg/Âµl (rhPDGF-CC) was injected into mouse vitreous once a week for two weeks. Seven days after the ONC injury and PDGF-CC protein treatment, retinae were harvested and total RNA isolated using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) followed by the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) purification according to the manufacturer's instructions. Microarray assay was performed using the Mouse-6 Expression BeadChips containing approximately 24,000 annotated mouse transcripts (Illumina Inc). Three biological repeats were included in the microarray assay. Two tailed Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis of gene expression data. Functional grouping of the differentially expressed genes was performed using several different tools including the WebGestalt (http://bioinfo.vanderbilt.edu/webgestalt) and the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (https://analysis.ingenuity.com/pa/login/login.jsp). The supplementary file 'GSE19207_non-normalized.txt' contains raw data for Samples GSM476021-GSM476026.

Project description:Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can significantly improve neurological outcomes; however, thrombolytic therapy is associated with an increased risk of intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Previously, we demonstrated that during stroke tPA acting on the parenchymal side of the neurovascular unit (NVU) can increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and ICH through activation of latent platelet-derived growth factor-CC (PDGF-CC) and signaling by the PDGF receptor-α (PDGFRα). However, in vitro, activation of PDGF-CC by tPA is very inefficient and the mechanism of PDGF-CC activation in the NVU is not known. Here, we show that the integrin Mac-1, expressed on brain microglia/macrophages (denoted microglia throughout), acts together with the endocytic receptor LRP1 in the NVU to promote tPA-mediated activation of PDGF-CC. Mac-1-deficient mice (Mac-1-/-) are protected from tPA-induced BBB permeability but not from permeability induced by intracerebroventricular injection of active PDGF-CC. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrates that Mac-1, LRP1, and the PDGFRα all localize to the NVU of arterioles, and following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) Mac-1-/- mice show significantly less PDGFRα phosphorylation, BBB permeability, and infarct volume compared to wild-type mice. Bone-marrow transplantation studies indicate that resident CD11b+ cells, but not bone-marrow-derived leukocytes, mediate the early activation of PDGF-CC by tPA after MCAO. Finally, using a model of thrombotic stroke with late thrombolysis, we show that wild-type mice have an increased incidence of spontaneous ICH following thrombolysis with tPA 5 h after MCAO, whereas Mac-1-/- mice are resistant to the development of ICH even with late tPA treatment. Together, these results indicate that Mac-1 and LRP1 act as co-factors for the activation of PDGF-CC by tPA in the NVU, and suggest a novel mechanism for tightly regulating PDGFRα signaling in the NVU and controlling BBB permeability.

Project description:BackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a result of degeneration/damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited early-onset disease, results from premature loss of photoreceptors. A promising therapeutic approach for both is the replacement of lost/damaged cells with human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal cells.MethodsThe aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo functionality of RPE and photoreceptor progenitor (PRP) cells derived from a clinical-grade hiPSC line through a unified protocol. De novo-generated RPE and PRP were characterized extensively to validate their identity, purity, and potency.ResultsRPE expressed tight junction proteins, showed pigmentation and ciliation, and secreted polarization-related factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). PRP expressed neural retina proteins and cone and rod markers, and responded to KCl-induced polarization. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated an increase in the expression of mature retinal tissue-specific genes coupled with concomitant downregulation of genes from undesired lineages. RPE transplantation rescued visual function in RCS rats shown via optokinetic tracking and photoreceptor rescue. PRP transplantation improved light perception in NOD.SCID-rd1 mice, and positive electroretinography signals indicated functional photoreceptor activity in the host's outer nuclear layer. Graft survival and integration were confirmed using immunohistochemistry, and no animals showed teratoma formation or any kind of ectopic growth in the eye.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a unified, scalable, and GMP-adaptable protocol indicating strong animal efficacy and safety data with hiPSC-derived RPE and PRP cells. These findings provide robust proof-of-principle results for IND-enabling studies to test these potential regenerative cell therapies in patients.

Dataset Information

Vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC mediated by HMOX1 rescues retinal degeneration.

Publications

Vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC mediated by HMOX1 rescues retinal degeneration.

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