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Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and ?-secretase processivity.

ABSTRACT: Altered production of ?-amyloid (A?) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP has a number of homo- and hetero-dimerizing domains, and studies have suggested that dimerization of ?-secretase derived APP carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF?, C99) impairs processive cleavage by ?-secretase increasing production of long A?s (e.g., A?1-42, 43). Other studies report that APP CTF? dimers are not ?-secretase substrates. We revisited this issue due to observations made with an artificial APP mutant referred to as 3xK-APP, which contains three lysine residues at the border of the APP ectodomain and transmembrane domain (TMD). This mutant, which dramatically increases production of long A?, was found to form SDS-stable APP dimers, once again suggesting a mechanistic link between dimerization and increased production of long A?. To further evaluate how multimerization of substrate affects both initial ?-secretase cleavage and subsequent processivity, we generated recombinant wild type- (WT) and 3xK-C100 substrates, isolated monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms of these proteins, and evaluated both ?-cleavage site utilization and A? production. These show that multimerization significantly impedes ?-secretase cleavage, irrespective of substrate sequence. Further, the monomeric form of the 3xK-C100 mutant increased long A? production without altering the initial ?-cleavage utilization. These data confirm and extend previous studies showing that dimeric substrates are not efficient ?-secretase substrates, and demonstrate that primary sequence determinants within APP substrate alter ?-secretase processivity.

SUBMITTER: Jung JI

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4211736 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and γ-secretase processivity.

Jung Joo In JI Premraj Sasha S Cruz Pedro E PE Ladd Thomas B TB Kwak Yewon Y Koo Edward H EH Felsenstein Kevin M KM Golde Todd E TE Ran Yong Y

PloS one 20141028 10

Altered production of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP has a number of homo- and hetero-dimerizing domains, and studies have suggested that dimerization of β-secretase derived APP carboxyl terminal fragment (CTFβ, C99) impairs processive cleavage by γ-secretase increasing production of long Aβs (e.g., Aβ1-42, 43). Other studies report that APP CTFβ dimers are not γ-secretase substrates. We revisited this issue due to ...[more]

PMID: 25350374

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Project description:INTRODUCTION: Inhibition of gamma-secretase presents a direct target for lowering A? production in the brain as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, gamma-secretase is known to process multiple substrates in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP), most notably Notch, which has limited clinical development of inhibitors targeting this enzyme. It has been postulated that APP substrate selective inhibitors of gamma-secretase would be preferable to non-selective inhibitors from a safety perspective for AD therapy. METHODS: In vitro assays monitoring inhibitor potencies at APP ?-site cleavage (equivalent to A?40), and Notch ?-site cleavage, in conjunction with a single cell assay to simultaneously monitor selectivity for inhibition of A? production vs. Notch signaling were developed to discover APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors. In vivo efficacy for acute reduction of brain A? was determined in the PDAPP transgene model of AD, as well as in wild-type FVB strain mice. In vivo selectivity was determined following seven days x twice per day (b.i.d.) treatment with 15 mg/kg/dose to 1,000 mg/kg/dose ELN475516, and monitoring brain A? reduction vs. Notch signaling endpoints in periphery. RESULTS: The APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors ELN318463 and ELN475516 reported here behave as classic gamma-secretase inhibitors, demonstrate 75- to 120-fold selectivity for inhibiting A? production compared with Notch signaling in cells, and displace an active site directed inhibitor at very high concentrations only in the presence of substrate. ELN318463 demonstrated discordant efficacy for reduction of brain A? in the PDAPP compared with wild-type FVB, not observed with ELN475516. Improved in vivo safety of ELN475516 was demonstrated in the 7d repeat dose study in wild-type mice, where a 33% reduction of brain A? was observed in mice terminated three hours post last dose at the lowest dose of inhibitor tested. No overt in-life or post-mortem indications of systemic toxicity, nor RNA and histological end-points indicative of toxicity attributable to inhibition of Notch signaling were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSIONS: The discordant in vivo activity of ELN318463 suggests that the potency of gamma-secretase inhibitors in AD transgenic mice should be corroborated in wild-type mice. The discovery of ELN475516 demonstrates that it is possible to develop APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors with potential for treatment for AD.

Dataset Information

Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and ?-secretase processivity.

Publications

Independent relationship between amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerization and γ-secretase processivity.

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