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Rad51 and Rad52 are involved in homologous recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus DNA.

ABSTRACT: Replication of herpes simplex virus 1 is coupled to recombination, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly characterized. The role of Rad51 and Rad52 recombinases in viral recombination was examined in human fibroblast cells 1BR.3.N (wild type) and in GM16097 with replication defects caused by mutations in DNA ligase I. Intermolecular recombination between viruses, tsS and tsK, harboring genetic markers gave rise to ?17% recombinants in both cell lines. Knock-down of Rad51 and Rad52 by siRNA reduced production of recombinants to 11% and 5%, respectively, in wild type cells and to 3% and 5%, respectively, in GM16097 cells. The results indicate a specific role for Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus 1 DNA. Mixed infections using clinical isolates with restriction enzyme polymorphisms in the US4 and US7 genes revealed recombination frequencies of 0.7%/kbp in wild type cells and 4%/kbp in GM16097 cells. Finally, tandem repeats in the US7 gene remained stable upon serial passage, indicating a high fidelity of recombination in infected cells.

SUBMITTER: Tang KW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4218770 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Rad51 and Rad52 are involved in homologous recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus DNA.

Tang Ka-Wei KW Norberg Peter P Holmudden Martin M Elias Per P Liljeqvist Jan-Åke JÅ

PloS one 20141103 11

Replication of herpes simplex virus 1 is coupled to recombination, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly characterized. The role of Rad51 and Rad52 recombinases in viral recombination was examined in human fibroblast cells 1BR.3.N (wild type) and in GM16097 with replication defects caused by mutations in DNA ligase I. Intermolecular recombination between viruses, tsS and tsK, harboring genetic markers gave rise to ∼17% recombinants in both cell lines. Knock-down of Rad5 ...[more]

PMID: 25365323

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Project description:Much of the HSV-1 life cycle is carried out in the cell nucleus, including the expression, replication, repair, and packaging of viral genomes. Viral proteins, as well as cellular factors, play essential roles in these processes. Isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (iPOND) was developed to label and purify cellular replication forks. We adapted aspects of this method to label viral genomes to both image, and purify replicating HSV-1 genomes for the identification of associated proteins. Many viral and cellular factors were enriched on viral genomes, including factors that mediate DNA replication, repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription, and RNA processing. As infection proceeded, packaging and structural components were enriched to a greater extent. Among the more abundant proteins that copurified with genomes were the viral transcription factor ICP4 and the replication protein ICP8. Furthermore, all seven viral replication proteins were enriched on viral genomes, along with cellular PCNA and topoisomerases, while other cellular replication proteins were not detected. The chromatin-remodeling complexes present on viral genomes included the INO80, SWI/SNF, NURD, and FACT complexes, which may prevent chromatinization of the genome. Consistent with this conclusion, histones were not readily recovered with purified viral genomes, and imaging studies revealed an underrepresentation of histones on viral genomes. RNA polymerase II, the mediator complex, TFIID, TFIIH, and several other transcriptional activators and repressors were also affinity purified with viral DNA. The presence of INO80, NURD, SWI/SNF, mediator, TFIID, and TFIIH components is consistent with previous studies in which these complexes copurified with ICP4. Therefore, ICP4 is likely involved in the recruitment of these key cellular chromatin remodeling and transcription factors to viral genomes. Taken together, iPOND is a valuable method for the study of viral genome dynamics during infection and provides a comprehensive view of how HSV-1 selectively utilizes cellular resources.

Project description:PTEN mutation occurs in a variety of aggressive cancers and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Recent studies have linked mutational loss of PTEN to reduced RAD51 expression and function, a key factor involved in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. However, these studies remain controversial, as they fail to establish a definitive causal link to RAD51 expression that is PTEN-dependent, while other studies have not been able to recapitulate the relationship between the PTEN expression and the RAD51/HR function. Resolution of this apparent conundrum is essential due to the clinically-significant implication that PTEN-deficient tumors may be sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) commonly used in the clinical management of BRCA-mutated and other HR-deficient (HRD) tumors. METHODS:Primary Pten-deficient (and corresponding wild-type) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and astrocytes and PTEN-null human tumor cell lines and primary cells were assessed for RAD51 expression (via the Western blot analysis) and DNA damage repair analyses (via alkali comet and ?H2AX foci assays). RAD51 foci analysis was used to measure HR-dependent DNA repair. Xrcc2-deficient MEFs served as an HR-deficient control, while the stable knockdown of RAD51 (shRAD51) served to control for the relative RAD51/HR-mediated repair and the phospho-53BP1 foci analysis served to confirm and measure non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) activity in PTEN-deficient and shRAD51-expressing (HRD) lines. Cell proliferation studies were used to measure any potential added sensitivity of PTEN-null cells to the clinically-relevant PARPi, olaparib. RAD51 levels and DNA damage response signaling were assessed in PTEN-mutant brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) derived from primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients, while expression of RAD51 and its paralogs were examined as a function of the PTEN status in the RNA expression datasets isolated from primary GBM tumor specimens and BTICs. RESULTS:Pten knockout primary murine cells display unaltered RAD51 expression, endogenous and DNA strand break-induced RAD51 foci and robust DNA repair activity. Defective HR was only observed in the cells lacking Xrcc2. Likewise, human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines with known PTEN deficiency (U87, PTEN-mutated; U251 and U373, PTEN-null) show apparent expression of RAD51 and display efficient DNA repair activity. Only GBM cells stably expressing shRNAs against RAD51 (shRAD51) display dysfunctional DNA repair activity and reduced proliferative capacity, which is exacerbated by PARPi treatment. Furthermore, GBM patient-derived BTICs displayed robust RAD51 expression and intact DNA damage response signaling in spite of PTEN-inactivating mutations. RNA expression analysis of primary GBM tissue specimens and BTICs demonstrate stable levels of RAD51 and its paralogs (RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, XRCC3, and DMC1), regardless of the PTEN mutational status. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings demonstrate definitively that PTEN loss does not alter the RAD51 expression, its paralogs, or the HR activity. Furthermore, deficiency in PTEN alone is not sufficient to impart enhanced sensitivity to PARPi associated with HRD. This study is the first to unequivocally demonstrate that PTEN deficiency is not linked to the RAD51 expression or the HR activity amongst primary neural and non-neural Pten-null cells, PTEN-deficient tumor cell lines, and primary PTEN-mutant GBM patient-derived tissue specimens and BTICs.

Dataset Information

Rad51 and Rad52 are involved in homologous recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus DNA.

Publications

Rad51 and Rad52 are involved in homologous recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus DNA.

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