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Using an intersectional approach to study the impact of social determinants of health for African American mothers living with HIV.

ABSTRACT: Heightened awareness of the social determinants of health by health scientists and clinicians has failed to translate into significant progress in the amelioration of those social determinants contributing to health inequities. The purpose of this article is to broaden the discussion about conceptual approaches nurse scientists can use to address health and health inequities. We will apply an intersectional approach to the study of the social determinants of health for African American mothers living with human immunodeficiency virus and through this explore the utility of an intersectional approach to generate knowledge in nursing.

SUBMITTER: Caiola C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4221802 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Oct-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Using an intersectional approach to study the impact of social determinants of health for African American mothers living with HIV.

Caiola Courtney C Docherty Sharron L SL Relf Michael M Barroso Julie J

ANS. Advances in nursing science 20141001 4

Heightened awareness of the social determinants of health by health scientists and clinicians has failed to translate into significant progress in the amelioration of those social determinants contributing to health inequities. The purpose of this article is to broaden the discussion about conceptual approaches nurse scientists can use to address health and health inequities. We will apply an intersectional approach to the study of the social determinants of health for African American mothers l ...[more]

PMID: 25365282

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A census tract-level examination of social determinants of health among black/African American men with diagnosed HIV infection, 2005-2009--17 US areas.

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| S-EPMC4182518 | biostudies-other

Harambee! 2.0: The Impact of HIV-Related and Intersectional Stigmas on HIV Testing Behaviors Among African Immigrant Communities in Seattle, Washington.

Project description:African immigrants are disproportionately affected by HIV compared to U.S.-born individuals, and early HIV testing is the key challenge in ending the HIV epidemic in these communities. HIV-related stigma appears to be the most significant barrier to testing for HIV among African communities in King County, WA. In this formative study, we conducted thirty key informant interviews and five focus group discussions (n = total 72 participants) with Ethiopian, Somali, and Eritrean people living with HIV, health professionals, religious and other community leaders, and lay community members in King County to better understand HIV-related and intersectional stigmas' impact on HIV testing behaviors. We used inductive coding and thematic analysis. Participants from all communities reported similar themes for HIV-related and intersectional stigmas' influences on HIV testing behaviors. Misconceptions or poor messaging, e.g., regarding treatability of HIV, as well as normative or religious/moral beliefs around pre/extramarital sex contributed to HIV-related stigma. Intersecting identities such as immigrant status, race/ethnicity, and having a non-English language preference, all intermingle to further influence access to the U.S. healthcare system, including for HIV testing. These findings can be used to inform future research on community-led approaches to addressing early HIV testing amongst African immigrant communities.

| S-EPMC8349708 | biostudies-literature

Alcohol, But Not Depression or IPV, Reduces HIV Adherence Among South African Mothers Living with HIV Over 5 Years.

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| S-EPMC6854305 | biostudies-literature

Understanding Medical Distrust Among African American/Black and Latino Persons Living With HIV With Sub-Optimal Engagement Along the HIV Care Continuum: A Machine Learning Approach.

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Mitochondrial inefficiency in infants born to overweight African-American mothers.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Currently 20-35% of pregnant women are obese, posing a major health risk for mother and fetus. It is postulated that an abnormal maternal-fetal nutritional environment leads to adverse metabolic programming, resulting in altered substrate metabolism in the offspring and predisposing to risks of obesity and diabetes later in life. Data indicate that oocytes from overweight animals have abnormal mitochondria. We hypothesized that maternal obesity is associated with altered mitochondrial function in healthy neonatal offspring. METHODS:Overweight and obese (body mass index, (BMI)???25?kg/m2, n?=?14) and lean (BMI?<?25?kg/m2, n?=?8), African-American pregnant women carrying male fetuses were recruited from the Barnes Jewish Hospital obstetric clinic. Maternal and infant data were extracted from medical records. Infants underwent body composition testing in the first days of life. Circumcision skin was collected for isolation of fibroblasts. Fibroblast cells were evaluated for mitochondrial function, metabolic gene expression, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress. RESULTS:Skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers had significantly higher mitochondrial respiration without a concurrent increase in ATP production, indicating mitochondrial inefficiency. These fibroblasts had higher levels of reactive oxygen species and evidence of oxidative stress. Evaluation of gene expression in offspring fibroblasts revealed altered expression of multiple genes involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in infants of overweight mothers. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates altered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers. Future studies are needed to determine the long-term impact of this finding on the metabolic health of these children.

| S-EPMC6054813 | biostudies-literature

Genetic Determinants of Telomere Length in African American Youth.

Project description:Telomere length (TL) is associated with numerous disease states and is affected by genetic and environmental factors. However, TL has been mostly studied in adult populations of European or Asian ancestry. These studies have identified 34 TL-associated genetic variants recently used as genetic proxies for TL. The generalizability of these associations to pediatric populations and racially diverse populations, specifically of African ancestry, remains unclear. Furthermore, six novel variants associated with TL in a population of European children have been identified but not validated. We measured TL from whole blood samples of 492 healthy African American youth (children and adolescents between 8 and 20 years old) and performed the first genome-wide association study of TL in this population. We were unable to replicate neither the 34 reported genetic associations found in adults nor the six genetic associations found in European children. However, we discovered a novel genome-wide significant association between TL and rs1483898 on chromosome 14. Our results underscore the importance of examining genetic associations with TL in diverse pediatric populations such as African Americans.

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Social Determinants of Delayed Gratification among American Children.

Project description:BackgroundA wide array of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators tend to show differential effects for members of diverse social groups. Limited knowledge exists on ethnic variation in the effects of family income on delay discounting which is predictor of risk behaviors.ObjectivesThis study tested whether the effect of family income on delayed gratification differs between Latino and non-Latino children.Methods and materialsIn this cross-sectional analytical study, data came from wave one of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 3903 non-Latino or Latino Black or White American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The predictor was family income. Data were collected in 21 sits in the US in 2018. The outcome was children's delay discounting. We measured delay discounting, which reflected individuals' tendency to assign less value to remote outcomes and rewards (inversely correlated with delayed gratification). Using SPSS 22.0, linear regression was used for data analysis.ResultsAccording to our pooled sample regression, higher family income was associated with lower children delay discounting (Beta= -0.05, p = .021). We found a significant interaction between family income and ethnicity, suggesting that the association between family income and delay discounting is stronger for Latino than non-Latino children (Beta= -0.09, p = .043).ConclusionsNot all ethnic disparities are due to SES gaps; differential returns of socioeconomic status indicators, such as family income, across diverse social groups also contribute to ethnic disparities in health.

| S-EPMC7673311 | biostudies-literature

Social fishes and single mothers: brain evolution in African cichlids.

Project description:As with any organ, differences in brain size--after adequate control of allometry--are assumed to be a response to selection. With over 200 species and an astonishing diversity in niche preferences and social organization, Tanganyikan cichlids present an excellent opportunity to study brain evolution. We used phylogenetic comparative analyses of sexed adults from 39 Tanganyikan cichlid species in a multiple regression framework to investigate the influence of ecology, sexual selection and parental care patterns on whole brain size, as well as to analyse sex-specific effects. First, using species-specific measures, we analysed the influence of diet, habitat, form of care (mouthbrooding or substrate guarding), care type (biparental or female only) and intensity of sexual selection on brain size, while controlling for body size. Then, we repeated the analyses for male and female brain size separately. Type of diet and care type were significantly correlated with whole brain size. Sex-specific analyses showed that female brain size correlated significantly with care type while male brain size was uncorrelated with care type. Our results suggest that more complex social interactions associated with diet select for larger brains and further that the burden of uniparental care exerts high cognitive demands on females.

| S-EPMC2614256 | biostudies-literature

Decreasing HIV transmissions to African American women through interventions for men living with HIV post-incarceration: An agent-based modeling study.

Project description:BackgroundIncarceration and HIV disproportionately impact African American communities. The mass incarceration of African American men is hypothesized to increase HIV acquisition risk for African American women. Interventions optimizing HIV care engagement and minimizing sexual risk behaviors for men living with HIV post-incarceration may decrease HIV incidence.MethodsUsing an agent-based model, we simulated a sexual and injection drug using network representing the African American population of Philadelphia. We compared intervention strategies for men living with HIV post-incarceration by the number of averted HIV transmissions to women within the community. Three interventions were evaluated: a 90-90-90 scenario scaling up HIV testing, ART provision, and ART adherence; a behavioral intervention decreasing sexual risk behaviors; and a combination intervention involving both.ResultsThe status quo scenario projected 2,836 HIV transmissions to women over twenty years. HIV transmissions to women decreased by 29% with the 90-90-90 intervention, 23% with the behavioral intervention, and 37% with both. The number of men living with HIV receiving the intervention needed in order to prevent a single HIV transmission ranged between 6 and 10.ConclusionInterventions to improve care engagement and decrease sexual risk behaviors post-incarceration for men living with HIV have the potential to decrease HIV incidence within African American heterosexual networks.

| S-EPMC6629075 | biostudies-literature

African American hepatocyte genotype

Project description:African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by metabolic diseases and adverse drug events, with limited publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data to advance the knowledge of the molecular underpinnings or genetic associations to these diseases or drug response phenotypes. To fill this gap, we obtained 60 primary hepatocyte cultures from AA liver donors for genome-wide mapping of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) using LAMatrix. We identified 277 eGenes and 19,770 eQTLs, of which 67 eGenes and 7,415 eQTLs are not observed in the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) liver eQTL analysis. Of the eGenes found in GTEx only 25 share the same lead eQTL. These AA-specific eQTLs are less correlated to GTEx eQTL in effect sizes and have larger Fst values compared to eQTLs found in both cohorts (overlapping eQTLs). We assessed the overlap between GWAS variants and their tagging variants with AA hepatocyte eQTLs and demonstrated that AA hepatocyte eQTLs can decrease the number of potential causal variants at GWAS loci. Additionally, we identified 75,002 exon QTLs of which 48.8% are not eQTLs in AA hepatocytes. Our analysis provides the first comprehensive characterization of AA hepatocyte eQTLs and highlights the unique discoveries that are made possible due to the increased genetic diversity within the African ancestry genome.

2020-03-27 | GSE147628 | GEO

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