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Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Iron and folic acid supplementation has been the preferred intervention to improve iron stores and prevent anaemia among pregnant women, and it may also improve other maternal and birth outcomes. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of daily oral iron supplements for pregnant women, either alone or in conjunction with folic acid, or with other vitamins and minerals as a public health intervention. SEARCH METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (2 July 2012). We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (2 July 2012) and contacted relevant organisations for the identification of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effects of oral preventive supplementation with daily iron, iron + folic acid or iron + other vitamins and minerals during pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:We assessed the methodological quality of trials using standard Cochrane criteria. Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted data and conducted checks for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS:We included 60 trials. Forty-three trials, involving more than 27,402 women, contributed data and compared the effects of daily oral supplements containing iron versus no iron or placebo.Overall, women taking iron supplements were less likely to have low birthweight newborns (below 2500 g) compared with controls (8.4% versus 10.2%, average risk ratio (RR) 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.97, 11 trials, 8480 women) and mean birthweight was 30.81 g greater for those infants whose mothers received iron during pregnancy (average mean difference (MD) 30.81; 95% CI 5.94 to 55.68, 14 trials, 9385 women). Preventive iron supplementation reduced the risk of maternal anaemia at term by 70% (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.46, 14 trials, 2199 women) and iron deficiency at term by 57% (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.66, seven trials, 1256 women). Although the difference between groups did not reach statistical significance, women who received iron supplements were more likely than controls to report side effects (25.3% versus 9.91%) (RR 2.36; 95% CI 0.96 to 5.82, 11 trials, 4418 women), particularly at doses 60 mg of elemental iron or higher. Women receiving iron were on average more likely to have higher haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at term and in the postpartum period, but were at increased risk of Hb concentrations greater than 130g/L during pregnancy and at term. Twenty-three studies were conducted in countries that in 2011 had some malaria risk in parts of the country. In some of these countries/territories, malaria is present only in certain areas or up to a particular altitude. Only two of these reported malaria outcomes. There is no evidence that iron supplementation increases placental malaria. For some outcomes heterogeneity was higher than 50%. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Prenatal supplementation with daily iron are effective to reduce the risk of low birthweight, and to prevent maternal anaemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy. Associated maternal side effects and particularly high Hb concentrations during pregnancy at currently used doses suggest the need to update recommendations on doses and regimens for routine iron supplementation.

SUBMITTER: Pena-Rosas JP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4233117 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.

Peña-Rosas Juan Pablo JP De-Regil Luz Maria LM Dowswell Therese T Viteri Fernando E FE

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20121212

<h4>Background</h4>Iron and folic acid supplementation has been the preferred intervention to improve iron stores and prevent anaemia among pregnant women, and it may also improve other maternal and birth outcomes.<h4>Objectives</h4>To assess the effects of daily oral iron supplements for pregnant women, either alone or in conjunction with folic acid, or with other vitamins and minerals as a public health intervention.<h4>Search methods</h4>We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group ...[more]

PMID: 23235616

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Despite favorable climatic conditions, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is widespread in Pakistan. Current study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of VDD in Pakistani pregnant women and effectiveness of various regimen of Vitamin D supplementation. METHODOLOGY:This hospital-based prospective cohort study included pregnant women at 12th to 24th weeks of gestation attending Gynae clinic from October 2018 to April 2019. Patients were classified into control and treatment groups (Groups: G1, G2 and G3) according to the dose of vitamin D supplementation. Patients received various regimens of vitamin D including 2000 IU/day (G1), 5000 IU/day (G2) and stat 200000 IU (G3). The levels of vitamin D were measured before and after supplementation. The effectiveness of dosages were compared between and within the groups. Moreover, factors associated with vitamin D sufficiency and insufficiency were ascertained using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS:Among 281 pregnant women (mean age: 28.22 ± 4.61 years), VDD was prevalent in 47.3% cases. Vitamin D supplementation caused significant rise in the levels 25(OH)D in treatment groups, while there was no significant difference in control group. The highest mean increment in vitamin D (23.14 ± 11.18 ng/ml) was observed with dose 5000 IU/day followed by doses 200000 IU stat (21.06 ± 13.73 ng/ml) and 2000 IU/day (10.24 ± 5.65 ng/ml). Vitamin D toxicity was observed in one patient who received 200000 IU stat of vitamin D. The frequency of VDD following the supplementation was 5.7%. Education status, duration of sun exposure and use of sunblock was substantially associated with vitamin D sufficiency in the current study. CONCLUSION:Our findings underscore the high proportion of VDD among pregnant women in Pakistan. Maternal vitamin D supplementation substantially improved the levels of 25(OH)D. Of three used regimens, the dose of 5000 IU/day is considered safe and equally effective as of 200000 IU stat. Since pregnancy is a time of tremendous growth and physiological changes for mother and her developing fetus with lifelong implications for the child, gestational vitamin D supplementation should be considered to ensure the optimal vitamin D accrual in pregnant women. This study generates the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 5000 IU/day during pregnancy is superior to the other regimens. However, well-controlled randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Project description:Abstract Objectives Vitamin D may have an adjunctive role in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency (ID) through its proposed role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and circulating hepcidin concentrations. Observational studies have shown associations between low vitamin D and iron status; however, there are few data from intervention trials. In participants of the Maternal Vitamin D for Infant Growth Trial (MDIG; NCT01924013), among whom the baseline prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 64%, we examined the effect of prenatal vitamin D supplementation on iron status during pregnancy by testing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum ferritin concentrations. Methods In this double-blind, dose-response, randomized trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh, women were recruited at 17–24 weeks’ gestation and randomly assigned to receive a prenatal vitamin D3 dose of 4200, 16,800, 28,000 IU/week or placebo. Serum ferritin was quantified using an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was analysed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Linear regression was used to test the hypothesized effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum ferritin (n = 1011 of 1300 enrolled). In a sensitivity analysis, we adjusted for concurrent CRP to correct for inflammation (n = 920). Regression correction was used to generate an inflammation-corrected estimate of the prevalence of ID (n = 920). Results Prevalence of ID (serum ferritin <15 µg/L) was high overall (27% corrected for inflammation; 12% uncorrected). Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) serum ferritin concentrations were lower in each of the vitamin D supplementation groups [43.1 (38.1, 48.7), 44.8 (40.4, 49.7) and 45.1 (41.5, 49.1) µg/L in the 4200, 16,800 and 28,000 IU/week groups, respectively] compared to the placebo group [50.3 µg/L (45.0, 56.2)], although none of the pairwise differences between each vitamin D group and placebo were statistically significant at the P < 0.05 threshold. Adjusting for CRP did not change the inferences. Conclusions In a population with concurrently high prevalence rates of iron and vitamin D deficiency, prenatal vitamin D supplementation did not lead to improvements in iron status by late gestation. The possibility of a negative effect of vitamin D supplementation on iron status should be further explored. Funding Sources The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Project description:BackgroundIron deficiency is common in pregnancy. If left untreated, iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anaemia, which is a condition related to maternal and neonatal morbidity. The prevalence of iron deficiency increases through the trimesters, which means that women with iron deficiency in the beginning of pregnancy also have a great risk of developing iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy. Standard treatment is oral iron in individualised intensified doses based on screening values in 1st trimester. Maternal symptoms of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia include fatigue, reduced physical performance, and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Severe anaemia may cause dizziness, dyspnea, palpitation, orthostatism, and syncope, and it decreases the woman's ability to cope with blood loss during delivery. The anaemia may also compromise contractility in the uterine musculature increasing the risk for prolonged labour, caesarean section, and postpartum haemorrhage. Foetal iron deficiency may cause low birthweight and adversely affect foetal and early childhood brain development with long-term deficits.MethodsIn this randomised comparative, open-label, single-centre, phase IV trial, 200 pregnant women between 14 and 21 weeks of gestation who have iron deficiency after 4 weeks of standard treatment will be randomised 1:1 to either a single 1000 mg dose of intravenously administered ferric derisomaltose/iron isomaltoside 1000 or a fixed dose of 100 mg oral ferrous fumarate containing 60 mg ascorbic acid. The primary endpoint is to prevent iron deficiency anaemia defined by a low level of haemoglobin throughout the trial. Other endpoints include other haematological indices of iron deficiency and anaemia, clinical outcomes by questionnaires, and collection of adverse events. Explorative endpoints by medical record follow-up include complications up to 7 days after delivery.DiscussionThis trial will provide evidence on how to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. The trial population represents a clinical reality where pregnant women often have sustained iron deficiency despite an increased oral iron dose. Thus, this evidence can be used to consider the optimal 2nd line of treatment in iron-deficient pregnant women.Trial registrationEuropean Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database 2017-000776-29. Registered on 3 May 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03188445 . Registered on 15 June 2017.

Project description:BackgroundIron deficiency but also iron overload during pregnancy has been associated with unwanted health effects. In Germany, iron supplements are only recommended for pregnant women with diagnosed iron deficiency/anaemia. Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was reported at 24.4% in 2011. However, limited data suggest that more than 60% of women in Germany use iron supplements during gestation. Against this background, we investigated the prevalence of iron supplement intake among pregnant women and explored determining factors in order to assess whether women are following the advice to only supplement iron in case of a diagnosed iron deficiency/anaemia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in four German states in 2015 where, with the help of midwives, women in childbed were asked to retrospectively answer a questionnaire about iron intake from various sources and reasons for supplementing iron during their recent pregnancy. We used Chi-square-tests and logistic regression analysis to evaluate associations between iron supplementation and other nutritional, sociodemographic and maternal variables and to assess attitudes of women meeting versus not meeting the official recommendation on iron supplement intake during pregnancy.ResultsOf 207 participants, 65.2% had supplemented iron. 84.4% reported to have done this because of a diagnosed iron deficiency/anaemia. Iron intake ranged from 5 to 200 mg/day, and duration of supplementation varied between two weeks and throughout gestation. Of women who reported to have been diagnosed with iron deficiency/anaemia, 47.5% had supplemented ≥80 mg/day iron, while 26.2% had taken iron in lower amounts ≤40 mg/day. Six percent of the participating women had not supplemented iron in spite of a diagnosed iron deficiency/anaemia, whereas 19.7% of women without iron deficiency/anaemia still had supplemented iron (range: 7 to 80 mg/day).ConclusionThe majority of pregnant women used iron supplements in case of a diagnosed iron deficiency/anaemia. However, not all women with iron deficiency/anaemia supplemented (sufficient amounts of) iron, while there was also indiscriminate use of iron supplements in women without iron deficiency/anaemia. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings in representative samples.

Project description:INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency in the world, particularly during pregnancy. According to the literature, anemia, particularly severe anemia, is associated with increased risk of maternal mortality. It also puts mothers at risk of multiple perinatal complications. Numerous studies in the past have evaluated the impact of supplementation with iron and iron-folate but data regarding the efficacy and quality of evidence of these interventions are lacking. This article aims to address the impact of iron with and without folate supplementation on maternal anemia and provides outcome specific quality according to the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of published randomized and quasi-randomized trials on PubMed and the Cochrane Library as per the CHERG guidelines. The studies selected employed daily supplementation of iron with or without folate compared with no intervention/placebo, and also compared intermittent supplementation with the daily regimen. The studies were abstracted and graded according to study design, limitations, intervention specifics and outcome effects. CHERG rules were then applied to evaluate the impact of these interventions on iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Recommendations were made for the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). RESULTS: After screening 3550 titles, 31 studies were selected for assessment using CHERG criteria. Daily iron supplementation resulted in 73% reduction in the incidence of anemia at term (RR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.17 - 0.42; random effects model) and 67% reduction in iron deficiency anemia at term (RR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.69; random model) compared to no intervention/placebo. For this intervention, both these outcomes were graded as 'moderate' quality evidence. Daily supplementation with iron-folate was associated with 73% reduction in anemia at term (RR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12 - 0.56; random model) with a quality grade of 'moderate'. The effect of the same intervention on iron deficiency anemia was non-significant (RR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.17 - 1.09; random model) and was graded as 'low' quality evidence. There was no difference in rates of anemia at term with intermittent iron-folate vs. daily iron-folate supplementation (RR = 1.61; 95% CI: 0.82 -3.14; random model). CONCLUSION: Applying the CHERG rules, we recommend a 73% reduction in anemia at term with daily iron (alone) supplementation or iron/folate (combined) vs. no intervention or placebo; for inclusion in the LiST model. Given the paucity of studies of intermittent iron or iron-folate supplementation, especially in developing countries, we recommend further evaluation of this intervention in comparison with daily supplementation regimen.

Project description:Introduction:The burden of iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and post-partum continues to remain high especially in India. Challenges to treatment include gastrointestinal side effects and non compliance to oral iron therapy. Newer parenteral formulations need to be explored as alternatives. Methods:Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published between years 2011 and 2018 comparing anaemic pregnant and post-partum women treated with intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron was performed. The primary outcomes were mean maternal haemoglobin, serum ferritin and haematocrit at the end of 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks and comparison of adverse effects. Results:Eighteen studies including 1633 antenatal women were randomly assigned to intravenous iron sucrose (n?=?821) or oral iron [ferrous sulphate, ferrous ascorbate or fumarate] group (n?=?812) in ten trials . Another eight studies compared iron sucrose infusion with oral iron in 713 post-partum women who were randomly assigned to intravenous iron sucrose group (n?=?351) or oral iron group (n?=?362). Cumulative analysis of all the time points indicates that the estimated mean values of Hb in the intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron groups were 10.11 g/dl and 9.33 g/dl, respectively, in antenatal group, while it was 10.57 g/dl and 9.74 g/dl in post-partum. The estimated mean ferritin level from first week to six weeks was 63.1 ?g/l and 28.6 ?g/l, respectively, in intravenous and oral iron groups. Cumulative estimate of haematocrit in the intravenous sucrose and oral iron over 6 weeks showed that the mean values in the respective groups were 30.5% and 29.5% in antenatal and 33.8% and 31.6%, respectively, in post-partum groups. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability and consistency of the results. Oral iron was associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects. There was no significant difference in birthweight between the groups. Conclusion:This meta-analysis demonstrates that intravenous iron sucrose is more effective than oral iron therapy for pregnant and post-partum women with iron deficiency anaemia. It is an effective and safe alternative to address the problem of iron deficiency especially in those who require rapid replacement of iron stores though medical personnel for intravenous administration of drug is required.Trial registration CRD42015024343.

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Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.

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Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.

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