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Prevalence and natural history of ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer and the clinical impact of targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors.

ABSTRACT: Improved understanding of molecular drivers of carcinogenesis has led to significant progress in the management of lung cancer. Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements constitute about 4%-5% of all NSCLC patients. ALK+ NSCLC cells respond well to small molecule ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib; however, resistance invariably develops after several months of treatment. There are now several newer ALK inhibitors, with the next generation of agents targeting resistance mutations. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ALK+ lung cancer, current treatment options, and future directions in the management of this subset of NSCLC patients.

SUBMITTER: Chia PL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4242069 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prevalence and natural history of ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer and the clinical impact of targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors.

Chia Puey Ling PL Mitchell Paul P Dobrovic Alexander A John Thomas T

Clinical epidemiology 20141120

Improved understanding of molecular drivers of carcinogenesis has led to significant progress in the management of lung cancer. Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements constitute about 4%-5% of all NSCLC patients. ALK+ NSCLC cells respond well to small molecule ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib; however, resistance invariably develops after several months of treatment. There are now several newer ALK inhibitors, with the next gen ...[more]

PMID: 25429239

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Systematic review of sequencing of ALK inhibitors in <i>ALK</i>-positive non-small-cell lung cancer.

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Transcriptomics-Guided Personalized Prescription of Targeted Therapeutics for Metastatic ALK-Positive Lung Cancer Case Following Recurrence on ALK Inhibitors.

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| S-EPMC6803543 | biostudies-literature

Treating ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

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Natural History and Factors Associated with Overall Survival in Stage IV ALK-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

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| S-EPMC7310567 | biostudies-literature

The efficacy and safety of ALK inhibitors in the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A network meta-analysis.

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Sequential ALK Inhibitors Can Select for Lorlatinib-Resistant Compound <i>ALK</i> Mutations in ALK-Positive Lung Cancer.

Project description:The cornerstone of treatment for advanced ALK-positive lung cancer is sequential therapy with increasingly potent and selective ALK inhibitors. The third-generation ALK inhibitor lorlatinib has demonstrated clinical activity in patients who failed previous ALK inhibitors. To define the spectrum of ALK mutations that confer lorlatinib resistance, we performed accelerated mutagenesis screening of Ba/F3 cells expressing EML4-ALK. Under comparable conditions, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis generated numerous crizotinib-resistant but no lorlatinib-resistant clones harboring single ALK mutations. In similar screens with EML4-ALK containing single ALK resistance mutations, numerous lorlatinib-resistant clones emerged harboring compound ALK mutations. To determine the clinical relevance of these mutations, we analyzed repeat biopsies from lorlatinib-resistant patients. Seven of 20 samples (35%) harbored compound ALK mutations, including two identified in the ENU screen. Whole-exome sequencing in three cases confirmed the stepwise accumulation of ALK mutations during sequential treatment. These results suggest that sequential ALK inhibitors can foster the emergence of compound ALK mutations, identification of which is critical to informing drug design and developing effective therapeutic strategies.Significance: Treatment with sequential first-, second-, and third-generation ALK inhibitors can select for compound ALK mutations that confer high-level resistance to ALK-targeted therapies. A more efficacious long-term strategy may be up-front treatment with a third-generation ALK inhibitor to prevent the emergence of on-target resistance. Cancer Discov; 8(6); 714-29. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 663.

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ALK and NSCLC: Targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors.

Project description:For many years treatment for advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has employed chemotherapy regimens for patient care, with limited effect. Five-year survival rates for these patients are not encouraging. However, for a subgroup of these patients, there have been radical changes over recent years. Our understanding of the basic pathology behind NSCLC at the molecular level has offered up a host of new molecularly targeted therapies, which are revolutionizing this area of cancer care. Results from recent clinical trials provide hope for NSCLC patients harboring oncogenic translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase. Just as inhibition of the breakpoint cluster region-ABL complex has changed the face of chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosis, oncogenic ALK fusions offer a step forward in the diagnosis and treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC. This article discusses the current knowledge and potential implications concerning ALK inhibitors and NSCLC.

| S-EPMC3206708 | biostudies-literature

Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to ALK Inhibitors and the Rationale for Treating ALK-positive Lung Cancer.

Project description:The discovery of an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene led to improved clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer after the development of the first ALK-targeting agent, crizotinib. Some second-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which might be more potent than crizotinib or effective on crizotinib-resistant patients, have been developed. Although these ALK-TKIs show an excellent response initially, most patients eventually acquire resistance. Therefore, careful consideration of the resistance mechanisms might lead to superior therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the history of ALK-TKIs and their underlying resistance mechanisms in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In addition, we discuss potential future treatment strategies in ALK-TKI-naïve and -resistant patients with lung cancer harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

| S-EPMC4491683 | biostudies-literature

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