Interactions between plant hormones regulate submergence-induced shoot elongation in the flooding-tolerant dicot Rumex palustris.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Voesenek LA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4244986 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Background and aimsIntraspecific variation in flooding tolerance is the basic pre-condition for adaptive flooding tolerance to evolve, and flooding-induced shoot elongation is an important trait that enables plants to survive shallow, prolonged flooding. Here an investigation was conducted to determine to what extent variation in flooding-induced leaf elongation exists among and within populations of the wetland species Rumex palustris, and whether the magnitude of elongation can be linked to habitat characteristics.MethodsOffspring of eight genotypes collected in each of 12 populations from different sites (ranging from river mudflats with dynamic flooding regimes to areas with stagnant water) were submerged, and petioles, laminas and roots were harvested separately to measure traits related to elongation and plant growth.Key resultsWe found strong elongation of petioles upon submergence, and both among- and within-population variation in this trait, not only in final length, but also in the timing of the elongation response. However, the variation in elongation responses could not be linked to habitat type.ConclusionsSpatio-temporal variation in the duration and depth of flooding in combination with a presumably weak selection against flooding-induced elongation may have contributed to the maintenance of large genetic variation in flooding-related traits among and within populations.
| S-EPMC2766193 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the only cereal that can be cultivated in the frequently flooded river deltas of South-East and South Asia. The survival strategies used by rice have been studied quite extensively and the role of several phytohormones in the elongation response has been established. Deep-water rice cultivars can diminish flooding stress by rapid elongation of their submerged tissues to keep up with the rising waters. Other rice cultivars may react by mechanisms of submergence tolerance. Aerenchyma and aerenchymatous adventitious roots are formed that facilitate oxygen diffusion to prevent anaerobic conditions in the submerged tissues. This paper discusses the molecular aspects of the mechanism that leads to shoot elongation (leaves of seedlings and internodes), the regulation of which involves metabolism of, and interactions between, ethylene, gibberellins and abscisic acid. Finally, the importance of new techniques in future research is assessed. Current molecular technology can reveal subtle differences in gene activity between tolerant and non-tolerant cultivars, and identify genes that are involved in the regulation of submergence avoidance and tolerance.
| S-EPMC4244991 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsRice ecosystems in the tropical coastal areas are subject to two types of flooding stress: transient complete submergence and long-term water stagnation (stagnant flooding). Here, we aimed to dissect the mechanisms for stagnant flooding tolerance of rice genotypes carrying SUB1, a quantitative trait locus for submergence tolerance.MethodsWe screened 80 elite genotypes under stagnant flooding stress in the lowland rice fields in the wet and dry seasons, and examined the tolerance mechanisms of promising genotypes for the two following seasons.Key resultsYield reduction under stagnant flooding averaged 48 % in the dry season and 89 % in the wet season. Elite genotypes carrying SUB1 showed 49 % lower yield than those without SUB1 under stagnant flooding, with no differences under shallow water conditions. However, we identified a few high-yielding Sub1 genotypes that were as tolerant of stagnant flooding as a reference genotype that lacked SUB1. These genotypes had intermediate stature with more shoot elongation in response to rising water than a moderately tolerant Sub1 reference variety, resulting in greater canopy expansion and higher yield. It was important to increase lodging resistance, since plant height >140 cm increased lodging under stagnant flooding. The culm diameter was closely associated with culm strength; reduced aerenchyma formation and increased lignin accumulation in the culm should increase lodging resistance.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated a successful combination of submergence and stagnant flooding tolerance in a rice breeding programme, and identified elite Sub1 genotypes that also tolerate stagnant flooding. Our results will support genetic improvement of Sub1 varieties for stagnant flooding tolerance.
| S-EPMC6944782 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Widely distributed amphibious exotic plant species may respond plastically to water temperatures when submerged. Alternanthera philoxeroides, a highly flood-tolerant species, originates from tropical regions and has successfully invaded temperate regions. The wide distribution of this species suggests it can respond to flooding at different water temperatures. In this study, the plastic responses of A. philoxeroides plants to submergence at water temperatures of 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C were investigated. The A. philoxeroides plants had large pools of non-structural carbohydrates, which were readily mobilized upon submergence. Submergence hindered biomass accumulation and decreased the carbohydrate content level and respiration rate (P < 0.05). Water temperature had remarkable effects on shoot elongation, carbohydrate utilization and recovery growth. With decreasing water temperature, the respiration rate was lower and carbohydrate content decreased more slowly, but the post-submergence biomass accumulation was faster (P < 0.05), indicating a beneficial effect of low water temperature for recovery. However, high water temperatures accelerated shoot elongation (P < 0.05), which benefitted the submerged plants more if contact with air was restored. These results suggest that the species can respond to different water temperatures plastically, which may provide hints for its invasion success in regions with diverse climates.
| S-EPMC5762630 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rice has the natural morphological adaptation to germinate and elongate its coleoptile under submerged flooding conditions. The phenotypic deviation associated with the tolerance to submergence at the germination stage could be due to natural variation. However, the molecular basis of this variation is still largely unknown. A comprehensive understanding of gene regulation of different genotypes that have diverse rates of coleoptile elongation can provide significant insights into improved rice varieties. To do so, publicly available transcriptome data of five rice genotypes, which have different lengths of coleoptile elongation under submergence tolerance, were analyzed. The aim was to identify the correlation between promoter architecture, associated with transcriptional and hormonal regulation, in diverse genotype groups of rice that have different rates of coleoptile elongation. This was achieved by identifying the putative cis-elements present in the promoter sequences of genes upregulated in each group of genotypes (tolerant, highly tolerant, and extremely tolerant genotypes). Promoter analysis identified transcription factors (TFs) that are common and unique to each group of genotypes. The candidate TFs that are common in all genotypes are MYB, bZIP, AP2/ERF, ARF, WRKY, ZnF, MADS-box, NAC, AS2, DOF, E2F, ARR-B, and HSF. However, the highly tolerant genotypes interestingly possess binding sites associated with HY5 (bZIP), GBF3, GBF4 and GBF5 (bZIP), DPBF-3 (bZIP), ABF2, ABI5, bHLH, and BES/BZR, in addition to the common TFs. Besides, the extremely tolerant genotypes possess binding sites associated with bHLH TFs such as BEE2, BIM1, BIM3, BM8 and BAM8, and ABF1, in addition to the TFs identified in the tolerant and highly tolerant genotypes. The transcriptional regulation of these TFs could be linked to phenotypic variation in coleoptile elongation in response to submergence tolerance. Moreover, the results indicate a cross-talk between the key TFs and phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroids, for an altered transcriptional regulation leading to differences in germination and coleoptile elongation under submergence. The information derived from the current in silico analysis can potentially assist in developing new rice breeding targets for direct seeding.
| S-EPMC8008075 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Submergence tolerance is an important agronomic trait for rice grown in South-East Asia, where flash flooding occurs frequently and unpredictably during the monsoons. Although mapping locations of one major and several minor quantitative trait loci (QTL) were known previously, improving submergence tolerance in agronomically desirable types of rice has not been achieved. KDML105 is jasmine rice widely grown in rain-fed lowland regions of Thailand. This cultivar is very intolerant of submergence stress. To improve submergence tolerance in this cultivar, three submergence-tolerant cultivars, FR13A, IR67819F2-CA-61 and IR49830-7-1-2-2, were cross-pollinated with KDML105. Transferring the major QTL for submergence tolerance was facilitated by four back-crossings to the recipient KDML105. Molecular markers tightly linked to the gene(s) involved were developed to facilitate molecular genotyping. We demonstrated that individuals of a BC4F3 line that retained a critical region on chromosome 9 transferred from tolerant lines were also tolerant of complete submergence while retaining all the agronomically desirable traits of KDML105. In addition, effects of secondary QTLch2 were detected statistically in back-cross progenies. Effects of secondary QTLch7 were not statistically significant. The close association between tightly linked markers of the tolerance locus on chromosome 9 and submergence tolerance in the field demonstrates the considerable promise of using these markers in lowland rice breeding programmes for selecting increased submergence tolerance.
| S-EPMC4244993 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stagnant flooding (SF) is a major problem in rainfed lowlands where floodwater of 25-50 cm stagnates in the field for most of the season. We aimed to establish a system for phenotyping SF tolerance and identifying tolerant germplasm through screening of landraces. A total of 626 rice accessions were evaluated over 3 years under control conditions and two levels of SF. Floodwater was raised to 20 cm at 25 or 30 days after transplanting (DAT). In one trial, the depth was increased subsequently by 5 cm a week and in another (severe stress), it was increased to 40 cm at 37 DAT and to 50 cm at 42 DAT. In both trials, water depth was maintained at 50-60 cm until maturity. In all cases, no plant was completely submerged. Plant height, elongation rate and yield were measured at maturity. Genotypes best suited to SF showed moderate elongation of 1.3-2.3 cm day(-1) under SF. In contrast, semi-dwarf and fast-elongating types performed poorly. Subsequent trials using 18 genotypes, including six pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) with or without SUB1 showed that all SUB1 NILs were sensitive to SF. Five of the other six genotypes contained SUB1 and were SF tolerant, suggesting the possibility of combining tolerances to complete submergence (SUB1) and SF. Stem starch and soluble sugar concentrations were similar under control conditions among the 18 genotypes, but starch was depleted by 37 % under SF, with less depletion in tolerant genotypes. SUB1 NILs contained similar concentrations of starch and sugars under SF. We conclude that survival and yield under SF are dependent on moderate elongation, high tillering, lesser carbohydrate depletion and higher fertility. The tolerant genotypes identified here performed strongly in both wet and dry seasons and will be used to identify tolerance mechanisms and alleles for use in marker-assisted breeding.
| S-EPMC4196555 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Flooding results in significant crop yield losses due to exposure of plants to hypoxic stress. Various studies have reported the effect of flooding stress at seedling establishment or later stages. However, the molecular mechanism prevailing at the germination stage under flooding stress remains enigmatic. The present study highlights the comparative transcriptome analysis in two rapeseed lines, i.e., flooding-tolerant (Santana) and -sensitive (23651) lines under control and 6-h flooding treatments at the germination stage. A total of 1840 up-regulated and 1301 down-regulated genes were shared by both lines in response to flooding. There were 4410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with increased expression and 4271 DEGs with reduced expression shared in both control and flooding conditions. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that "transcription regulation", "structural constituent of cell wall", "reactive oxygen species metabolic", "peroxidase", oxidoreductase", and "antioxidant activity" were the common processes in rapeseed flooding response. In addition, the processes such as "hormone-mediated signaling pathway", "response to organic substance response", "motor activity", and "microtubule-based process" are likely to confer rapeseed flooding resistance. Mclust analysis clustered DEGs into nine modules; genes in each module shared similar expression patterns and many of these genes overlapped with the top 20 DEGs in some groups. This work provides a comprehensive insight into gene responses and the regulatory network in rapeseed flooding stress and provides guidelines for probing the underlying molecular mechanisms in flooding resistance.
| S-EPMC8065761 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Two wild plant species regulate flooding survival through distinct mechanisms. TSA of Rumex palustris, ERS203005
| PRJEB1524 | ENA