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Erythritol feeds the pentose phosphate pathway via three new isomerases leading to D-erythrose-4-phosphate in Brucella.

ABSTRACT: Erythritol is an important nutrient for several ?-2 Proteobacteria, including N2-fixing plant endosymbionts and Brucella, a worldwide pathogen that finds this four-carbon polyol in genital tissues. Erythritol metabolism involves phosphorylation to L-erythritol-4-phosphate by the kinase EryA and oxidation of the latter to L-3-tetrulose 4-phosphate by the dehydrogenase EryB. It is accepted that further steps involve oxidation by the putative dehydrogenase EryC and subsequent decarboxylation to yield triose-phosphates. Accordingly, growth on erythritol as the sole C source should require aldolase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to produce essential hexose-6-monophosphate. However, we observed that a mutant devoid of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases grew normally on erythritol and that EryC, which was assumed to be a dehydrogenase, actually belongs to the xylose isomerase superfamily. Moreover, we found that TpiA2 and RpiB, distant homologs of triose phosphate isomerase and ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B, were necessary, as previously shown for Rhizobium. By using purified recombinant enzymes, we demonstrated that L-3-tetrulose-4-phosphate was converted to D-erythrose 4-phosphate through three previously unknown isomerization reactions catalyzed by EryC (tetrulose-4-phosphate racemase), TpiA2 (D-3-tetrulose-4-phosphate isomerase; renamed EryH), and RpiB (D-erythrose-4-phosphate isomerase; renamed EryI), a pathway fully consistent with the isotopomer distribution of the erythrose-4-phosphate-derived amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine obtained from bacteria grown on (13)C-labeled erythritol. D-erythrose-4-phosphate is then converted by enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, thus bypassing fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. This is the first description to our knowledge of a route feeding carbohydrate metabolism exclusively via D-erythrose 4-phosphate, a pathway that may provide clues to the preferential metabolism of erythritol by Brucella and its role in pathogenicity.

SUBMITTER: Barbier T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4273404 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Erythritol feeds the pentose phosphate pathway via three new isomerases leading to D-erythrose-4-phosphate in Brucella.

Barbier Thibault T Collard François F Zúñiga-Ripa Amaia A Moriyón Ignacio I Godard Thibault T Becker Judith J Wittmann Christoph C Van Schaftingen Emile E Letesson Jean-Jacques JJ

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20141201 50

Erythritol is an important nutrient for several α-2 Proteobacteria, including N2-fixing plant endosymbionts and Brucella, a worldwide pathogen that finds this four-carbon polyol in genital tissues. Erythritol metabolism involves phosphorylation to L-erythritol-4-phosphate by the kinase EryA and oxidation of the latter to L-3-tetrulose 4-phosphate by the dehydrogenase EryB. It is accepted that further steps involve oxidation by the putative dehydrogenase EryC and subsequent decarboxylation to yie ...[more]

PMID: 25453104

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Project description:Erythritol is a natural sweetener that is used in the food industry. It is produced as an osmoprotectant by bacteria and yeast. Due to its chemical properties, it does not change the insulin level in the blood, and therefore it can be safely used by diabetics. Previously, it has been shown that erythrose reductase (ER), which catalyzes the final step, plays a crucial role in erythritol synthesis. ER reduces erythrose to erythritol with NAD(P)H as a cofactor. Despite many studies on erythritol synthesis by Yarrowia lipolytica, the enzymes involved in this metabolic pathway have ever been described.The gene YALI0F18590g encoding the predicted erythrose reductase from Y. lipolytica was overexpressed, and its influence on erythritol synthesis was studied. The amino acid sequence of the Y. lipolytica ER showed a high degree of similarity to the previously described erythrose reductases from known erythritol producers, such as Candida magnoliae and Moniliella megachiliensis. Here, we found that the gene overexpression results in an enhanced titer of erythritol of 44.44 g/L (20% over the control), a yield of 0.44 g/g and productivity of 0.77 g/L/h. Moreover, on purification and characterization of the enzyme we found that it displays the highest activity at 37 °C and pH 3.0. The effects of various metal ions (Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+) on erythrose reductase were investigated. The addition of Zn2+ ions at 0.25 mM had a positive effect on the activity of erythrose reductase from Y. lipolytica, as well as on the erythritol production.In this study we identified, overexpressed and characterized a native erythrose reductase in Y. lipolytica. Further optimizations of this strain via metabolic pathway engineering and media optimization strategies enabled 54 g/L to be produced in a shake-flask experiment. To date, this is the first reported study employing metabolic engineering of the native gene involved in the erythritol pathway to result in a high titer of the polyol. Moreover, it indicates the importance of environmental conditions for genetic targets in metabolic engineering.

Dataset Information

Erythritol feeds the pentose phosphate pathway via three new isomerases leading to D-erythrose-4-phosphate in Brucella.

Publications

Erythritol feeds the pentose phosphate pathway via three new isomerases leading to D-erythrose-4-phosphate in Brucella.

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