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Generation and characterization of ATP analog-specific protein kinase Cδ.

ABSTRACT: To better study the role of PKCδ in normal function and disease, we developed an ATP analog-specific (AS) PKCδ that is sensitive to specific kinase inhibitors and can be used to identify PKCδ substrates. AS PKCδ showed nearly 200 times higher affinity (Km) and 150 times higher efficiency (kcat/Km) than wild type (WT) PKCδ toward N(6)-(benzyl)-ATP. AS PKCδ was uniquely inhibited by 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(1-naphthyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (1NA-PP1) and 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(2-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (2MB-PP1) but not by other 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP1) analogs tested, whereas WT PKCδ was insensitive to all PP1 analogs. To understand the mechanisms for specificity and affinity of these analogs, we created in silico WT and AS PKCδ homology models based on the crystal structure of PKCι. N(6)-(Benzyl)-ATP and ATP showed similar positioning within the purine binding pocket of AS PKCδ, whereas N(6)-(benzyl)-ATP was displaced from the pocket of WT PKCδ and was unable to interact with the glycine-rich loop that is required for phosphoryl transfer. The adenine rings of 1NA-PP1 and 2MB-PP1 matched the adenine ring of ATP when docked in AS PKCδ, and this interaction prevented the potential interaction of ATP with Lys-378, Glu-428, Leu-430, and Phe-633 residues. 1NA-PP1 failed to effectively dock within WT PKCδ. Other PP1 analogs failed to interact with either AS PKCδ or WT PKCδ. These results provide a structural basis for the ability of AS PKCδ to efficiently and specifically utilize N(6)-(benzyl)-ATP as a phosphate donor and for its selective inhibition by 1NA-PP1 and 2MB-PP1. Such homology modeling could prove useful in designing molecules to target PKCδ and other kinases to understand their function in cell signaling and to identify unique substrates.

SUBMITTER: Kumar V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4303651 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Generation and characterization of ATP analog-specific protein kinase Cδ.

Kumar Varun V Weng Yi-Chinn YC Geldenhuys Werner J WJ Wang Dan D Han Xiqian X Messing Robert O RO Chou Wen-Hai WH

The Journal of biological chemistry 20141210 4

To better study the role of PKCδ in normal function and disease, we developed an ATP analog-specific (AS) PKCδ that is sensitive to specific kinase inhibitors and can be used to identify PKCδ substrates. AS PKCδ showed nearly 200 times higher affinity (Km) and 150 times higher efficiency (kcat/Km) than wild type (WT) PKCδ toward N(6)-(benzyl)-ATP. AS PKCδ was uniquely inhibited by 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(1-naphthyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (1NA-PP1) and 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(2-methylbenzyl)-1H ...[more]

PMID: 25505183

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Project description:Prenatal exposure to excess testosterone induces hyperandrogenism in adult females and predisposes them to hypertension. We tested whether androgens induce hypertension through transcriptional regulation and signaling of protein kinase C (PKC) in the mesenteric arteries. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle or testosterone propionate (0.5 mg/kg per day from gestation days 15 to 19, SC) and their 6-month-old adult female offspring were examined. Plasma testosterone levels (0.84±0.04 versus 0.42±0.09 ng/mL) and blood pressures (111.6±1.3 versus 104.5±2.4 mm Hg) were significantly higher in prenatal testosterone-exposed rats compared with controls. This was accompanied with enhanced expression of PKCδ mRNA (1.5-fold) and protein (1.7-fold) in the mesenteric arteries of prenatal testosterone-exposed rats. In addition, mesenteric artery contractile responses to PKC activator, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, was significantly greater in prenatal testosterone-exposed rats. Treatment with androgen receptor antagonist flutamide (10 mg/kg, SC, BID for 10 days) significantly attenuated hypertension, PKCδ expression, and the exaggerated vasoconstriction in prenatal testosterone-exposed rats. In vitro exposure of testosterone to cultured mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells dose dependently upregulated PKCδ expression. Analysis of PKCδ gene revealed a putative androgen responsive element in the promoter upstream to the transcription start site and an enhancer element in intron-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that androgen receptors bind to these elements in response to testosterone stimulation. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays showed that the enhancer element is highly responsive to androgens and treatment with flutamide reverses reporter activity. Our studies identified a novel androgen-mediated mechanism for the control of PKCδ expression via transcriptional regulation that controls vasoconstriction and blood pressure.

Dataset Information

Generation and characterization of ATP analog-specific protein kinase Cδ.

Publications

Generation and characterization of ATP analog-specific protein kinase Cδ.

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