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Midazolam microdose to determine systemic and pre-systemic metabolic CYP3A activity in humans.

ABSTRACT: We aimed to establish a method to assess systemic and pre-systemic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity using ineffective microgram doses of midazolam.In an open, one sequence, crossover study, 16 healthy participants received intravenous and oral midazolam at microgram (0.001?mg intravenous and 0.003?mg oral) and regular milligram (1?mg intravenous and 3?mg oral) doses to assess the linearity of plasma and urine pharmacokinetics.Dose-normalized AUC and Cmax were 37.1?ng?ml(-1?) h [95% CI 35.5, 40.6] and 39.1?ng?ml(-1) [95% CI 30.4, 50.2] for the microdose and 39.0?ng?ml(-1?) h [95% CI 36.1, 42.1] and 37.1?ng?ml(-1) [95% CI 26.9, 51.3] for the milligram dose. CLmet was 253?ml?min(-1) [95% CI 201, 318] vs. 278?ml?min(-1) [95% CI 248, 311] for intravenous doses and 1880?ml?min(-1) [95% CI 1590, 2230] vs. 2050?ml?min(-1) [95% CI 1720, 2450] for oral doses. Oral bioavailability of a midazolam microdose was 23.4% [95% CI 20.0, 27.3] vs. 20.9% [95% CI 17.1, 25.5] after the regular dose. Hepatic and gut extraction ratios for microgram doses were 0.44 [95% CI 0.39, 0.49] and 0.53 [95% CI 0.45, 0.63] and compared well with those for milligram doses (0.43 [95% CI 0.37, 0.49] and 0.61 [95% CI 0.53, 0.70]).The pharmacokinetics of an intravenous midazolam microdose is linear to the applied regular doses and can be used to assess safely systemic CYP3A activity and, in combination with oral microdoses, pre-systemic CYP3A activity.

SUBMITTER: Hohmann N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4309633 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Midazolam microdose to determine systemic and pre-systemic metabolic CYP3A activity in humans.

Hohmann Nicolas N Kocheise Franziska F Carls Alexandra A Burhenne Jürgen J Haefeli Walter E WE Mikus Gerd G

British journal of clinical pharmacology 20150201 2

<h4>Aim</h4>We aimed to establish a method to assess systemic and pre-systemic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity using ineffective microgram doses of midazolam.<h4>Methods</h4>In an open, one sequence, crossover study, 16 healthy participants received intravenous and oral midazolam at microgram (0.001 mg intravenous and 0.003 mg oral) and regular milligram (1 mg intravenous and 3 mg oral) doses to assess the linearity of plasma and urine pharmacokinetics.<h4>Results</h4>Dose-normalized AUC and C ...[more]

PMID: 25588320

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Project description:Human CYP3A enzymes (including CYP3A4 and CYP4A5) metabolize about 40% of all drugs and numerous other environmental and endogenous substances. CYP3A activity is highly variable within and between humans. As a consequence, therapy with standard doses often results in too low or too high blood and tissue concentrations resulting in therapeutic failure or dose-related adverse reactions. It is an unanswered question how much of the big interindividual variation in CYP3A activity is caused by genetic or by environmental factors. This question can be answered by the twin study approach. Using midazolam as CYP3A probe drug, we studied 43 monozygotic and 14 dizygotic twins and measured midazolam and its metabolite 1-OH-midazolam. In addition, endogenous biomarkers of CYP3A activity, 4ß-OH-cholesterol and 6ß-OH-cortisol, were analyzed. Additive genetic effects accounted for only 15% of the variation in midazolam AUC, whereas 48% was attributed to common environmental factors. In contrast, 73, 56, and 31% of 1-OH-midazolam, 4ß-OH-cholesterol and 6ß-OH-cortisol variation was due to genetic effects. There was a low phenotypic correlation between the four CYP3A biomarkers. Only between midazolam and its 1-OH-metabolite, and between midazolam and 6ß-OH-cortisol we found significant bivariate genetic correlations. Midazolam AUC differed depending on the CYP3A4∗22 variant (p = 0.001) whereas plasma 4ß-OH-cholesterol was significantly lower in homozygous carriers of CYP3A5∗3 (p = 0.02). Apparently, non-genomic factors played a dominant role in the inter-individual variation of the CYP3A probe drug midazolam. A small intra-individual pharmacokinetic variation after repeated administration of midazolam was rated earlier as indication of high heritability of CYP3A activity, but according to present data that could also largely be due to constant environmental factors and/or heritability of liver blood flow. The higher heritabilities of 4ß-OH-cholesterol and of 1-OH-midazolam may deserve further research on the underlying factors beyond CYP3A genes. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01845194 and EUDRA-CT: 2008-006223-31.

Project description:Background: Ageing and chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Since mechanisms are related and remain unclear, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and drug transporter activities were investigated in the elderly with or without CKD and compared to healthy adults using a microdose cocktail. Methods: Healthy young participants (n = 20), healthy elderly participants (n = 16) and elderly patients with CKD (n = 17) received, in study period 1, a single dose of microdose cocktail probe containing 30 µg midazolam, 750 µg dabigatran etexilate, 100 µg atorvastatin, 10 µg pitavastatin, and 50 µg rosuvastatin. After a 14-day wash-out period, healthy young participants continued to study period 2 with the microdose cocktail plus rifampicin. PK parameters including area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), and half-life were estimated before making pairwise comparisons of geometric mean ratios (GMR) between groups. Results: AUC and Cmax GMR (95% confidence interval; CI) of midazolam, a CYP3A probe substrate, were increased 2.30 (1.70-3.09) and 2.90 (2.16-3.88) fold in healthy elderly and elderly patients with CKD, respectively, together with a prolonged half-life. AUC and Cmax GMR (95%CI) of atorvastatin, another CYP3A substrate, was increased 2.14 (1.52-3.02) fold in healthy elderly and 4.15 (2.98-5.79) fold in elderly patients with CKD, indicating decreased CYP3A activity related to ageing. Associated AUC changes in the probe drug whose activity could be modified by intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, dabigatran etexilate, were observed in patients with CKD. However, whether the activity of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin is modified by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) and of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively, in elderly participants with or without CKD was inconclusive. Conclusions: CYP3A activity is reduced in ageing. Intestinal P-gp function might be affected by CKD, but further confirmation appears warranted. Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/ (TCTR 20180312002 registered on March 07, 2018).

Project description:Currently, there is considerable debate as to which method is more accurate for measuring the activity of CYP3A in vivo: cortisol 6beta-hydroxylation clearance (Cl(m(6beta))) or the urinary ratio of 6beta-OHF to F (6beta-OHF/F). Furthermore, the value of measuring endogenous levels of cortisol over a 24 h period (AUC(F)) needs to be confirmed. The aim of the present study was to determine which method was most effective at measuring changes in the in vivo activity of CYP3A: AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), or 6beta-OHF/F.A two phase, cross-over design was adopted in this study. A total of 24 subjects (12 males and 12 females) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the test group subjects were given 250 mg clarithromycin tablets twice a day for a period of 4 d, whereas the control group received a placebo twice daily for a similar period. On d 5 of the study, the last dose of either clarithromycin or placebo was supplemented with an oral dose of 7.5 mg midazolam (MDZ); blood and urine samples were then collected at various times. All samples collected at the same sampling times on d 4 were used to evaluate the effects of MDZ administration on cortisol levels and metabolism. The ratio of 1-hydroxymidazolam (1-OHMDZ) concentration to MDZ concentration at 1 h (MR) was taken as a measure of the in vivo CYP3A activity. AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), and 6beta-OHF/F were also used as biomarkers for CYP3A activity.No correlations were found (either before or after inhibition) between CYP3A activity and any of the following measures: AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), or 6beta-OHF/F (r<0.4, P>0.05). After 4 d of clarithromycin administration, CYP3A activity (MR) decreased by 75% (P=0.000), whereas AUC(F) increased by 19% (P=0.040), and Cl(m(6beta)) and 6beta-OHF/F decreased by 54.2% (P=0.000) and 50% (P=0.003), respectively. No significant changes in AUC(F) (P=0.178), or in the amount of urinary 6beta-OHF (P=0.169), or in F (P=0.391) were found over a 24 h time period, either with or without MDZ administration.Although Cl(m(6beta)) and 6beta-OHF/F can reflect the decline in CYP3A activity, the impression they provide is neither accurate nor complete. AUC(F) is completely ineffective for evaluating variations in CYP3A activity. MDZ administration had no evident effects on either cortisol metabolism or excretion over a period of 24 h.

Dataset Information

Midazolam microdose to determine systemic and pre-systemic metabolic CYP3A activity in humans.

Publications

Midazolam microdose to determine systemic and pre-systemic metabolic CYP3A activity in humans.

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