Dataset Information

Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the diarrhoea seasonality and its potential drivers as well as potential opportunities for future diarrhoea control and prevention in China. Data on weekly infectious diarrhoea cases in 31 provinces of China from 2005 to 2012, and data on demographic and geographic characteristics, as well as climatic factors, were complied. A cosinor function combined with a Poisson regression was used to calculate the three seasonal parameters of diarrhoea in different provinces. Regression tree analysis was used to identify the predictors of diarrhoea seasonality. Diarrhoea cases in China showed a bimodal distribution. Diarrhoea in children <5 years was more likely to peak in fall-winter seasons, while diarrhoea in persons > = 5 years peaked in summer. Latitude was significantly associated with spatial pattern of diarrhoea seasonality, with peak and trough times occurring earlier at high latitudes (northern areas), and later at low latitudes (southern areas). The annual amplitudes of diarrhoea in persons > = 5 years increased with latitude (r = 0.62, P<0.001). Latitude 27.8° N and 38.65° N were the latitudinal thresholds for diarrhoea seasonality in China. Regional-specific diarrhoea control and prevention strategies may be optimal for China. More attention should be paid to diarrhoea in children <5 years during fall-winter seasons.

SUBMITTER: Xu Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4316158 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China.

Xu Zhiwei Z Hu Wenbiao W Zhang Yewu Y Wang Xiaofeng X Zhou Maigeng M Su Hong H Huang Cunrui C Tong Shilu S Guo Qing Q

Scientific reports 20150204

This study investigated the diarrhoea seasonality and its potential drivers as well as potential opportunities for future diarrhoea control and prevention in China. Data on weekly infectious diarrhoea cases in 31 provinces of China from 2005 to 2012, and data on demographic and geographic characteristics, as well as climatic factors, were complied. A cosinor function combined with a Poisson regression was used to calculate the three seasonal parameters of diarrhoea in different provinces. Regres ...[more]

PMID: 25649629

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Project description:ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, aetiology and seasonality of sporadic infectious diarrhoea in adults in Shanghai.SettingThis study was based on a city-wide, active continuous hospital-based diarrhoea surveillance network established by Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. There were 22 sentinel hospitals in all 16 districts (9 primary-level hospitals, 6 secondary-level hospitals and 7 tertiary-level hospitals) which were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling method.ParticipantsFrom 1 May 2012 to 31 May 2016, 90 713 patients were included in this study. Among 8797 patients whose stool samples were collected and detected, 4392 patients were male.ResultsThe positive rate was 47.96%. Bacterial and viral infections accounted for 27.19% and 69.07% separately. Norovirus was the most common pathogen (43.10%), followed by rotavirus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Salmonella spp. Patients between 30-44 and 45-59 years were more likely to have infectious diarrhoea and viral diarrhoea. Those aged 30-44 years were the most likely to get infected with V. parahaemolyticus (adjusted OR, aOR vs 60+ years: 2.04, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.78) and norovirus (aOR vs 60+ years: 1.32, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.56). Bacterial (except V. parahaemolyticus) diarrhoea was characterised by fever, abdominal pain and loose stool; while viral diarrhoea was characterised by nausea, vomiting and watery stool. A seasonal distribution of infectious diarrhoea was observed with larger peaks in winter and smaller peaks in summer. Winter peaks were mainly due to norovirus and rotavirus, and summer peaks were due to bacterial infections. An emerging spring peak of norovirus around March was observed in the past 3 years.ConclusionViral infections were predominant, and norovirus played a leading role. A seasonal distribution was observed and an emerging spring peak of norovirus was noted. Our findings highlight the necessity for conducting an active, comprehensive surveillance in adults, to monitor changing dynamics in the epidemiology and aetiology of infectious diarrhoea.

Project description:BackgroundDiarrhoea is a leading cause of death among under-five children globally, with sub-Saharan Africa alone accounting for 1/3 episodes yearly. Viruses, bacteria and parasites may cause diarrhoea. Rotavirus is the most common viral aetiology of diarrhoea in children less than five years globally. In Nigeria, there is scarce data on the prevalence/importance, burden, clinical/risk factors and seasonality of rotavirus and bacteria and this study aims to determine the role of rotavirus and bacteria on diarrhoea cases in children less than five years in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.MethodsSocio-demographic data, environmental/risk factors and diarrhoiec stool samples were collected from children less than five years presenting with acute diarrhoea. Rotavirus was identified using ELISA. Bacteria pathogens were detected using cultural technique and typed using PCR. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Pathogen positive and negative samples were compared in terms of gender, age-group, seasonal distribution, and clinical/risk factors using chi-square with two-tailed significance. SPSS version 20.0.1 for Windows was used for statistical analysis.ResultsAt least one pathogen was detected from 63 (60.6%) children having gastroenteritis while 28 (44.4%) had multiple infections. Rotavirus was the most detected pathogen. Prevalence of rotavirus mono-infection was 22%, multiple infection with bacteria was 45%. Mono-infection prevalence of DEC, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp. were 5.8% (6/104), 5.8% (6/104), and 2.9% (3/104) and co-infection with RVA were 23.1% (24/104), 21.2% (22/104) and 10.6% (11/104) respectively. All rotaviral infections were observed in the dry season. The pathotypes of DEC detected were STEC and EAEC. Parent earnings and mid-upper arm circumference measurement have statistical correlation with diarrhoea (p = 0.034; 0.035 respectively).ConclusionIn this study, rotavirus was more prevalent than bacteria and occurred only in the dry season. Among bacteria aetiologies, DEC was the most common detected. Differences in seasonal peaks of rotavirus and DEC could be employed in diarrhoea management in Nigeria and other tropical countries to ensure optimal limited resources usage in preventing diarrhoea transmission and reducing indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Project description:Swine are important in the ecology of influenza A virus (IAV) globally. Understanding the ecological role of wild pigs in IAV ecology has been limited because surveillance in wild pigs is often for antibodies (serosurveillance) rather than IAVs, as in humans and domestic swine. As IAV antibodies can persist long after an infection, serosurveillance data are not necessarily indicative of current infection risk. However, antibody responses to IAV infections cause a predictable antibody response, thus time of infection can be inferred from antibody levels in serological samples, enabling identification of risk factors of infection at estimated times of infection. Recent work demonstrates that these quantitative antibody methods (QAMs) can accurately recover infection dates, even when individual-level variation in antibody curves is moderately high. Also, the methodology can be implemented in a survival analysis (SA) framework to reduce bias from opportunistic sampling. Here we integrated QAMs and SA and applied this novel QAM-SA framework to understand the dynamics of IAV infection risk in wild pigs seasonally and spatially, and identify risk factors. We used national-scale IAV serosurveillance data from 15 US states. We found that infection risk was highest during January-March (54% of 61 estimated peaks), with 24% of estimated peaks occurring from May to July, and some low-level of infection risk occurring year-round. Time-varying IAV infection risk in wild pigs was positively correlated with humidity and IAV infection trends in domestic swine and humans, and did not show wave-like spatial spread of infection among states, nor more similar levels of infection risk among states with more similar meteorological conditions. Effects of host sex on IAV infection risk in wild pigs were generally not significant. Because most of the variation in infection risk was explained by state-level factors or infection risk at long-distances, our results suggested that predicting IAV infection risk in wild pigs is complicated by local ecological factors and potentially long-distance translocation of infection. In addition to revealing factors of IAV infection risk in wild pigs, our framework is broadly applicable for quantifying risk factors of disease transmission using opportunistic serosurveillance sampling, a common methodology in wildlife disease surveillance. Future research on the factors that determine individual-level antibody kinetics will facilitate the design of serosurveillance systems that can extract more accurate estimates of time-varying disease risk from quantitative antibody data.

Project description:BackgroundChildhood diarrhoea mortality has declined substantially in Peru in recent decades. We documented trends in childhood diarrhoea mortality from 1980 to 2015, along with trends in coverage of diarrhoea-related interventions and risk factors, to identify the main drivers of mortality reduction.MethodsWe conducted desk reviews on social determinants, policies and programmes, and diarrhoea-related interventions implemented during the study period. We reviewed different datasets on child mortality, and on coverage of diarrhoea-related interventions. We received input from individuals familiar with implementation of diarrhoea-related policies and programmes. We used the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) to help explain the reasons for the decline in diarrhoea mortality from 1980 to 2015 and to predict additional reduction with further scale up of diarrhoea-related interventions by 2030.ResultsIn Peru under-five diarrhoea mortality declined from 23.3 in 1980 to 0.8 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. The percentage of under-five diarrhoea deaths as related to total under-five deaths was reduced from 17.8% in 1980 to 4.9% in 2015. Gross domestic product increased and poverty declined from 1990 to 2015. Access to improved water increased from 56% in 1986 to 79.3% in 2015. Oral rehydrating salts (ORS) use during an episode of diarrhoea increased from 3.6% in 1986 to 32% in 2015. Vertical programmes focused on diarrhoea management with ORS were implemented successfully in the 1980s and 1990s, and were replaced by integrated crosscutting interventions since the early 2000s. LiST analyses showed that about half (53.9%) of the reduction in diarrhoea mortality could be attributed to improved water, sanitation and hygiene, 25.0% to direct diarrhoea interventions and 21.1% to nutrition. The remaining mortality could be reduced by three-quarters by 2030 with improved diarrhoea treatment and further with enhanced breastfeeding practices and reduction in stunting. LiST does not take into account the role of social determinants.ConclusionsThe reduction of diarrhoeal under-five mortality in Peru can be explained by a combination of factors, including improvement of social determinants, child nutrition, diarrhoea treatment with ORS and prevention with rotavirus vaccine and increased access to water and sanitation. The already low rate of diarrhoea mortality could be further reduced by a number of interventions, especially additional use of ORS and zinc for diarrhoea treatment. Peru is a remarkable example of a country that was able to reduce childhood diarrhoea mortality by implementing interventions through vertical programmes initially, and afterwards through implementation of integrated multisectoral packages targeting prevalent illnesses and multi-causal problems like stunting.

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Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China.

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Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China.

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