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Diverse fungi associated with partial irregular heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera.

ABSTRACT: Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen is a medium-sized evergreen tree that produces purple-brown heartwood called JiangXiang in traditional Chinese medicine, the formation process of which takes several decades. In this study, a standard culture method was used to isolate fungi from the wounded and normal stems of D. odorifera aiming to investigate the difference between the two types of wood. To characterize the spatial colonisation of endophytic fungi, an anatomical study was undertaken using the two different types of wood of D. odorifera. A total of 320 wood segments were placed on PDA plates and 87 fungal isolates were obtained. Only two fungi were isolated from the healthy white wood tissue, whereas 85 fungi were found in the purple-brown wounded-wood tissues. The two isolates from 160 white healthy wood tissues were assigned to Bionectriaceae sp., and the rest in wounded wood tissues were analyzed to 12 fungal species, indicating both a high fungal diversity and colonization rate in the purple-brown wounded wood. There was a difference in fungal species composition between coloured and white wood samples collected from the same tree. Eutypa sp. was the most commonly isolated species in the purple-brown wounded wood.

SUBMITTER: Sun S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4329543 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Diverse fungi associated with partial irregular heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera.

Sun Sisheng S Zeng Xu X Zhang Dawei D Guo Shunxing S

Scientific reports 20150216

Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen is a medium-sized evergreen tree that produces purple-brown heartwood called JiangXiang in traditional Chinese medicine, the formation process of which takes several decades. In this study, a standard culture method was used to isolate fungi from the wounded and normal stems of D. odorifera aiming to investigate the difference between the two types of wood. To characterize the spatial colonisation of endophytic fungi, an anatomical study was undertaken using the two d ...[more]

PMID: 25682752

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Project description:BackgroundDalbergia odorifera is a precious tree species with unique economic and medicinal values, which is difficult to distinguish from Dalbergia tonkinensis by traditional identification methods such as morphological characteristics and wood structure characteristics. It has been demonstrated that the identification of tree species can be effectively achieved using DNA barcoding, but there is a lack of study of the combined sequences used as DNA barcodes in the two tree species. In this study, 10 single sequences and 4 combined sequences were selected for analysis, and the identification effect of each sequence was evaluated by the distance-based method, BLAST-based search, character-based method, and tree-based method.ResultsAmong the single sequences and the combined sequences, the interspecies distance of trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA was greater than the intraspecies distance, and there was no overlap in their frequency distribution plots. The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the interspecies distance of each sequence showed that the interspecies differences of the single sequences except trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA, and ycf3 were significantly smaller than those of the combined sequences. The results of BLAST analysis showed that trnH-psbA could accurately identify D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis at the species level. In the character-based method, single sequences of trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA with all the combined sequences can be used for the identification of D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis. In addition, the neighbor-joining (NJ) trees constructed based on trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA were able to cluster D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis on two clades.ConclusionsThe results showed that the character-based method with the BLOG algorithm was the most effective among all the evaluation methods, and the combined sequences can improve the ability to identify tree species compared with single sequences. Finally, the trnH-psbA and ITS2 + trnH-psbA were proposed as DNA barcodes to identify D. odorifera and D. tonkinensis.

Project description:Dalbergia odorifera is a rare and precious rosewood specie, whose wood is a very high-quality material for valuable furniture and carving crafts. However, limited information is available about the process of wood formation in D. odorifera. To determine genes that might be closely associated with the xylem differentiation process, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) from specific xylem tissues of D. odorifera by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq). In total, we obtained 134,221,955 clean reads from RNA-seq and 90,940,761 clean reads from small RNA-seq. By comparing the transition zone (Dotz) and sapwood (Dosw) samples, a total of 395 DEGs were identified. Further analysis revealed that DEGs encoded for WRKY transcription factors (eight genes), lignin synthesis (PER47, COMT, CCR2), cell wall composition (UXS2), gibberellin synthesis (KAO2, GA20OX1), jasmonic acid synthesis (OPR2, CYP74A), and synthesis of flavonoids (PAL2) and terpenoids (CYP71A1). Subsequently, a preliminary analysis by small RNA-seq showed that the expressions of 14 miRNAs (such as miR168a-5p, miR167f-5p, miR167h-5p, miR167e, miR390a, miR156g, novel_52, and novel_9) were significantly different between Dotz and Dosw. Further analysis revealed that the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in the GO terms "amino acid binding," "cellulase activity," and "DNA beta-glucosyltransferase activity". Further, KEGG pathway annotation showed significant enrichment in "fatty acid elongation" and "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids". These processes might be participating in the xylem differentiation of D. odorifera. Next, expression correlation analysis showed that nine differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly negatively associated with 21 target genes, which encoded for proteins such as pyrH, SPL6, SPL12, GCS1, and ARF8. Overall, this is the first study on miRNAs and their potential functions in the xylem development of D. odorifera, which provides a stepping stone for a detailed functional investigation of D. odorifera miRNAs.

Project description:Salinity is one of the most serious factors limiting plant growth which can provoke significant losses in agricultural crop production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. This study aimed to investigate whether melatonin (MT; 0.05 and 0.1 mM), which has pleiotropic roles, has a better effect than glycine betaine (GB; 10 and 50 mM) on providing salt tolerance in a woody plant Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. Also, the alternative oxidase activity (AOX) in plant subjected to MT or GB under salinity (150 and 250 mM) was evaluated given that the effect of exogenous MT or GB on AOX has not been reported yet. The results showed that the exogenous application of GB on the seedlings of D. odorifera increased the plant growth parameters, relative water content, total of chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content compared with well-watered and MT treatments. Under severe salinity, the seedlings subjected to GB showed, a significant enhancement in water use efficiency, transpiration, and net photosynthetic rate regardless to MT-treated seedlings. The levels of proline and soluble sugar in the seedlings treated with MT or GB decreased significantly under mild and severe salinity correlated with those in salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, GB-treated plants exhibited a significant inhibition of malondialdehyde content compared with MT-treated plants. The concentration of thiols and phenolic compounds were significantly enhanced in the leaves of seedlings treated with MT compared with those treated with GB. Under salt stress condition, GB scavenged significantly higher levels of hydrogen peroxide than MT; while under severe salinity, plants subjected to MT showed better scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals compared with GB-treated seedlings. The results demonstrated also an enhancement of the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase, and AOX activities in seedlings treated with GB or MT compared with salt-stressed plants. The catalase activity (CAT) was increased by 0.05 mM MT and 0.1 mM GB under mild salinity. Meanwhile, the AOX activity under severe salinity was enhanced only by GB 50 mM. The findings of this study suggested that GB-treated seedlings possessed a better salt tolerance in comparison with MT-treated seedlings.

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Diverse fungi associated with partial irregular heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera.

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Diverse fungi associated with partial irregular heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera.

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