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Advanced glycation end products induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via downregulating Sirt 1 and upregulating TGF-β in human endothelial cells.

ABSTRACT: In the present study, we examined the advanced glycation end products- (AGEs-) induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results demonstrated that AGE-BSAs significantly reduced the cluster of differentiation 31 (CD 31) expression, whereas they promoted the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), α-smooth muscle antibody (α-SMA), and collagen I at both mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs. And the AGE-BSAs also promoted the receptors for AGEs (RAGEs) and receptor I for TGF-β (TGFR I) markedly with a dose dependence, whereas the Sirt 1 was significantly downregulated by the AGE-BSA at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the Sirt 1 activity manipulation with its activator, resveratrol (RSV), or its inhibitor, EX527, markedly inhibited or ameliorated the AGE-mediated TGF-β upregulation. And the manipulated Sirt 1 activity positively regulated the AGE-induced CD31, whereas it negatively regulated the AGE-induced FSP-1. Thus, Sirt 1 was confirmed to regulate the AGE-induced EndMT via TGF-β. In summary, we found that AGE-BSA induced EndMT in HUVECs via upregulating TGF-β and downregulating Sirt 1, which also negatively regulated TGF-β in the cell. This study implied the EndMT probably as an important mechanism of AGE-induced cardiovascular injury.

SUBMITTER: He W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4330956 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Diabetes is a complex disease characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Plasma advanced glycation end products (AGEs) activated the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the activation of RAGE is implicated to be the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patient vascular complications. Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, is a new oral hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of T2DM. However, the beneficial effects on vascular calcification remain unclear. In this study, we used a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency (LDLR-/-) mice model to investigate the potential effects of sitagliptin on HFD-induced arterial calcification. Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) normal diet group, (2) HFD group and (3) HFD + sitagliptin group. After 24 weeks treatment, we collected the blood for chemistry parameters and DPP4 activity measurement, and harvested the aorta to evaluate calcification using immunohistochemistry and calcium content. To determine the effects of sitagliptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α combined with S100A12 was used to induce oxidative stress, activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), up-regulation of bone markers and RAGE expression, and cell calcium deposition on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that sitagliptin effectively blunted the HFD-induced artery calcification and significantly lowered the levels of fasting serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), nitrotyrosine and TNF-α, decreased the calcium deposits, and reduced arterial calcification. In an in-vitro study, both S100A12 and TNF-α stimulated RAGE expression and cellular calcium deposits in HASMCs. The potency of S100A12 on HASMCs was amplified by the presence of TNF-α. Sitagliptin and Apocynin (APO), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, inhibited the TNF-α + S100A12-induced NADPH oxidase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, cellular oxidative stress, RAGE expression, osteo transcription factors expression and calcium deposition. In addition, treatment with sitagliptin, knockdown of RAGE or TNF-α receptor blunted the TNF-α + S100A12-induced RAGE expression. Our findings suggest that sitagliptin may suppress the initiation and progression of arterial calcification by inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidase and NF-κB, followed by decreasing the expression of RAGE.

Project description:INTRODUCTION: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been introduced to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The influence of AGEs on osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) has been incompletely understood as yet. The present study investigates a potential influence of AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) on cell growth, and on the expression of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic markers in cultured FLS. METHODS: FLS were established from OA joints and stimulated with AGE-BSA. The mRNA expression of p27Kip1, RAGE (receptor for AGEs), nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (NFkappaB p65), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin was measured by real-time PCR. The respective protein expression was evaluated by western blot analysis or ELISA. NFkappaB activation was investigated by luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation and markers of necrosis and early apoptosis were assessed. The specificity of the response was tested in the presence of an anti-RAGE antibody. RESULTS: AGE-BSA was actively taken up into the cells as determined by immunohistochemistry and western blots. AGE-induced p27Kip1 mRNA and protein expression was associated with cell cycle arrest and an increase in necrotic, but not apoptotic cells. NFkappaB activation was confirmed by EMSAs including supershift experiments. Anti-RAGE antibodies attenuated all AGE-BSA induced responses. The increased expression of RAGE, IL-6 and TNF-alpha together with NFkappaB activation indicates AGE-mediated inflammation. The decreased expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin may reflect a diminished osteoclastogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that AGEs modulate growth and expression of genes involved in the pathophysiological process of OA. This may lead to functional and structural impairment of the joints.

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Advanced glycation end products induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via downregulating Sirt 1 and upregulating TGF-β in human endothelial cells.

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