2- and 3-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines as inhibitors of bacterial type IV secretion.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sayer JR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4339681 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) comprise a biologically diverse group of translocation systems functioning to deliver DNA or protein substrates from donor to target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on establishment of direct cell-to-cell contact. Members of one T4SS subfamily, the conjugation systems, mediate the widespread and rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence traits among bacterial pathogens. Members of a second subfamily, the effector translocators, are used by often medically-important pathogens to deliver effector proteins to eukaryotic target cells during the course of infection. Here we summarize our current understanding of the structural and functional diversity of T4SSs and of the evolutionary processes shaping this diversity. We compare mechanistic and architectural features of T4SSs from Gram-negative and -positive species. Finally, we introduce the concept of the 'minimized' T4SSs; these are systems composed of a conserved set of 5-6 subunits that are distributed among many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative species.
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Project description:Research on specialized biological systems is often hampered by a lack of consistent terminology, especially across species. In bacterial Type IV secretion systems genes within one set of orthologs may have over a dozen different names. Classifying research publications based on biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, and microorganism species should improve the precision and recall of literature searches allowing researchers to keep up with the exponentially growing literature, through resources such as the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC, patricbrc.org). We developed named entity recognition (NER) tools for four entities related to Type IV secretion systems: 1) bacteria names, 2) biological processes, 3) molecular functions, and 4) cellular components. These four entities are important to pathogenesis and virulence research but have received less attention than other entities, e.g., genes and proteins. Based on an annotated corpus, large domain terminological resources, and machine learning techniques, we developed recognizers for these entities. High accuracy rates (>80%) are achieved for bacteria, biological processes, and molecular function. Contrastive experiments highlighted the effectiveness of alternate recognition strategies; results of term extraction on contrasting document sets demonstrated the utility of these classes for identifying T4SS-related documents.
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Project description:This report discloses the discovery and characterization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as selective negative modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors (AMPARs) associated with transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein γ-8. Imidazopyrazine 5 was initially identified as a promising γ-8 selective high-throughput screening hit, and subsequent structure-activity relationship optimization yielded subnanomolar, brain penetrant leads. Replacement of the imidazopyrazine core with an isosteric pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold improved microsomal stability and efflux liabilities to provide 26, JNJ-61432059. Following oral administration, 26 exhibited time- and dose-dependent AMPAR/γ-8 receptor occupancy in mouse hippocampus, which resulted in robust seizure protection in corneal kindling and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) anticonvulsant models.
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Project description:The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) translocate DNA and protein substrates to bacterial or eukaryotic target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on direct cell-to-cell contact. The T4SSs encompass two large subfamilies, the conjugation systems and the effector translocators. The conjugation systems mediate interbacterial DNA transfer and are responsible for the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence determinants in clinical settings. The effector translocators are used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens for delivery of potentially hundreds of virulence proteins to eukaryotic cells for modulation of different physiological processes during infection. Recently, there has been considerable progress in defining the structures of T4SS machine subunits and large machine subassemblies. Additionally, the nature of substrate translocation sequences and the contributions of accessory proteins to substrate docking with the translocation channel have been elucidated. A DNA translocation route through the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 system was defined, and both intracellular (DNA ligand, ATP energy) and extracellular (phage binding) signals were shown to activate type IV-dependent translocation. Finally, phylogenetic studies have shed light on the evolution and distribution of T4SSs, and complementary structure-function studies of diverse systems have identified adaptations tailored for novel functions in pathogenic settings. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the architecture and mechanism of action of these fascinating machines, with emphasis on the 'archetypal' A. tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 T4SS and related conjugation systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Project description:Amination of the 2-aryl-6-bromo-4-chloro-8-iodoquinazolines with 2-aminoethanol followed by acid-promoted cyclodehydration of the incipient 2-((6,8-dihalo-2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)ethanols afforded the corresponding novel 5-aryl-9-bromo-7-iodo-2,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines. The latter were, in turn, subjected to sequential (Sonogashira and Suzuki-Miyaura) and one-pot two-step (Sonogashira/Stille) cross-coupling reactions to afford diversely functionalized polycarbo-substituted 2H-imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines. The imidazoquinazolines were screened for in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells.
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Project description:Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines are cyclic amidine-type compounds composed of α-amino acid residues. A full structural identification of these molecules constitutes an analytical challenge, especially when imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines are obtained from physical processes (e.g., sublimation and pyrolysis of amino acids). A valuable source of molecular information can be obtained from absorption spectroscopies and related techniques encompassing the use of metallic substrates. The aim of this study is to provide new knowledge and insights into the noncovalent intermolecular interactions between imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines and two Ag n (n = 4 and 20) clusters using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Semiempirical DFT dispersion (DFT-D) corrections were addressed using Grimme's dispersion (GD2) and Austin-Petersson-Frisch (APF) functionals in conjunction with the 6-31+G(d,p) + LANL2DZ mixed basis set. These DFT-D methods describe strong interactions; besides, in all cases, the APF dispersion (APF-D) energies of interaction appear to be consistently overestimated. In comparison with B3LYP calculations, the mean values for the difference in the energies of interaction calculated are 2.25 (GD2) and 6.24 (APF-D) kcal mol-1 for Ag4-molecules, and 2.30 (GD2) and 8.53 (APF-D) kcal mol-1 for Ag20-molecules. The effect of applying GD2 and APF-D corrections to the noncovalent complexes is nuanced in the intermolecular distances calculated, mainly in the Ag···N(amidine) bonding, which appears to play the most important role for the adsorptive process. Selective enhancement and considerable red shifts for Raman vibrations suggest strong interactions, whereas a charge redistribution involving the metallic substrate and the absorbate leads to a significant rearrangement of frontier molecular orbitals mainly in the Ag20-molecule complexes. Finally, time-dependent DFT calculations were carried out to access the orbital contributions to each of the transitions observed in the absorption spectrum. The corresponding UV-vis spectra involve transitions in the visible region at around 400 and 550 nm for the Ag4-molecule and the Ag20-molecule complexes, respectively.
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Project description:We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazopyridine-based peptidomimetics based on the substrate consensus sequence of Akt, an AGC family serine/threonine kinase hyperactivated in over 50% of human tumors. Our ligand-based approach led to the identification of novel substrate mimetic inhibitors of Akt1 featuring an unnatural extended dipeptide surrogate. Compound 11 inhibits Akt isoforms in the sub-micromolar range and exhibits improved proteolytic stability relative to a parent pentapeptide.
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Project description:Twelve phosphonopropionates derived from 2-hydroxy-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-2-phosphonopropionic acid (3-IPEHPC) were synthesized and evaluated for their activity as inhibitors of protein geranylgeranylation. The nature of the substituent in the C6 position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring was responsible for the compound's activity against Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT). The most active inhibitors disrupted Rab11A prenylation in the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line. The esterification of carboxylic acid in the phosphonopropionate moiety turned the inhibitor into an inactive analog.
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