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Experiential thinking in creationism--a textual analysis.

ABSTRACT: Creationism is a religiously motivated worldview in denial of biological evolution that has been very resistant to change. We performed a textual analysis by examining creationist and pro-evolutionary texts for aspects of "experiential thinking", a cognitive process different from scientific thought. We observed characteristics of experiential thinking as follows: testimonials (present in 100% of sampled creationist texts), such as quotations, were a major form of proof. Confirmation bias (100% of sampled texts) was represented by ignoring or dismissing information that would contradict the creationist hypothesis. Scientifically irrelevant or flawed information was re-interpreted as relevant for the falsification of evolution (75-90% of sampled texts). Evolutionary theory was associated to moral issues by demonizing scientists and linking evolutionary theory to atrocities (63-93% of sampled texts). Pro-evolutionary rebuttals of creationist claims also contained testimonials (93% of sampled texts) and referred to moral implications (80% of sampled texts) but displayed lower prevalences of stereotypical thinking (47% of sampled texts), confirmation bias (27% of sampled texts) and pseudodiagnostics (7% of sampled texts). The aspects of experiential thinking could also be interpreted as argumentative fallacies. Testimonials lead, for instance, to ad hominem and appeals to authorities. Confirmation bias and simplification of data give rise to hasty generalizations and false dilemmas. Moral issues lead to guilt by association and appeals to consequences. Experiential thinking and fallacies can contribute to false beliefs and the persistence of the claims. We propose that science educators would benefit from the systematic analysis of experiential thinking patterns and fallacies in creationist texts and pro-evolutionary rebuttals in order to concentrate on scientific misconceptions instead of the scientifically irrelevant aspects of the creationist-evolutionist debate.

SUBMITTER: Nieminen P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4348421 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experiential thinking in creationism--a textual analysis.

Nieminen Petteri P Ryökäs Esko E Mustonen Anne-Mari AM

PloS one 20150303 3

Creationism is a religiously motivated worldview in denial of biological evolution that has been very resistant to change. We performed a textual analysis by examining creationist and pro-evolutionary texts for aspects of "experiential thinking", a cognitive process different from scientific thought. We observed characteristics of experiential thinking as follows: testimonials (present in 100% of sampled creationist texts), such as quotations, were a major form of proof. Confirmation bias (100% ...[more]

PMID: 25734650

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Project description:IntroductionDesign thinking is a creative problem-solving framework that can be used to better understand challenges and generate solutions in health professions education, such as the barriers to rural education. Rural education experiences can benefit students, providers, and patients; however, placement in and maintenance of rural education experiences offer unique challenges. Design thinking offers strategies to explore and address these challenges.MethodsThis study used a design thinking framework to identify barriers of student placement in rural locations; this was accomplished using strategies to empathize with users (eg, students, practitioners, and administrators) and define the problem. Data were collected from focus groups, interviews, and a design thinking workshop. Design activities promoted participant discussion by drawing pictures, discussing findings, and creating empathy maps of student experiences. Qualitative data were analyzed to identify salient barriers to rural experience selection and opportunities for support.ResultFocus group (n = 6), interview (n = 13), and workshop participants (n = 18) identified substantial advantages (eg, exposure to a wider variety of patients, less bureaucracy and constraints, more time with faculty) and disadvantages (eg, isolation, lack of housing, and commuting distances) of rural experiences. Participants identified physical, emotional, and social isolation as a significant barrier to student interest in and engagement in rural experiences. Workshop participants were able to generate over 100 ideas to address the most prominent theme of isolation.DiscussionDesign thinking strategies can be used to explore health professions education challenges, such as placement in rural settings. Through engagement with students, practitioners, and administrators it was identified that physical, social, and emotional isolation presents a significant barrier to student placement in rural experiences. This perspective can inform support systems for students, preceptors, and communities that participate in rural educational experiences.

Project description:In May, 2016 the Diet passed a law on the "Promotion of efforts to eliminate unfair discriminatory speech and behaviour against people originating from outside Japan", widely referred to as ヘイトスピーチ (Heito Supiichi Hō /Hate Speech Law). For some residents of Japan it had been a long time coming. Without any laws specifically prohibiting racially discriminatory speech or writing, aggrieved parties had hitherto been forced to resort to indirect lines of protection. In 1999, for example, a Brazilian national ejected from a jewelry shop displaying a poster saying "No foreigners allowed" obtained a favourable ruling citing Japan's ratification of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; and in 2013 an injunction for defamation and obstruction of business was granted on behalf of a school for children of North Korean descent repeatedly subjected to provocative demonstrations. But others questioned the need to reinforce limits on freedom of expression even in the face of aggressive taunts, with some claiming that incidents of racial discrimination in Japan lacked the historical, entrenched and violent dimensions that had prompted hate speech laws in Europe and elsewhere. When the text of the proposed law became public there was also debate about its utility as such an abstract measure seemed inapplicable to many potential victims and lacked punitive sanctions. Against this criticism it could be argued that the law went about as far as the government could expect to go if it were to get it passed; that it appears to be curtailing a particularly aggressive form of hate speech; and that it has ushered in a number of more specific initiatives, especially at local level. This study will begin with the 2016 text itself, drawing on the semiotic framework of Systemic Functional Grammar to explore how it prioritises general principles over specific regulations. This textual analysis will be followed by a contextual account of why the Law was constructed as it was, how it has influenced awareness of hate speech, and where it fits in with an existing genre of non-coercive legislation in Japan.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11196-022-09883-9.

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Experiential thinking in creationism--a textual analysis.

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Experiential thinking in creationism--a textual analysis.

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