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Chemotactic response with a constant delay-time mechanism in Ciona spermatozoa revealed by a high time resolution analysis of flagellar motility.

ABSTRACT: During their chemotactic swimming toward eggs, sperm cells detect their species-specific chemoattractant and sense concentration gradients by unknown mechanisms. After sensing the attractant, sperm cells commonly demonstrate a series of responses involving different swimming patterns by changing flagellar beats, gradually approaching a swimming path toward the eggs, which is the source of chemoattractants. Shiba et al. observed a rapid increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in Ciona spermatozoa after sensing chemoattractants; however, the biochemical processes occurring inside the sperm cells are unclear. In the present study, we focused on the timing and sensing mechanism of chemical signal detection in Ciona. One of the most crucial problems to be solved is defining the initial epoch of chemotactic responses. We adopted a high rate of video recording (600?Hz) for detailed analysis of sperm motion and a novel method for detecting subtle signs of beat forms and moving paths of sperm heads. From these analyses, we estimated a virtual sensing point of the attractant before initiation of motility responses and found that the time delay from sensing to motility responses was almost constant. To evaluate the efficiency of this constant delay model, we performed computer simulation of chemotactic behaviors of Ciona spermatozoa.

SUBMITTER: Miyashiro D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4365479 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chemotactic response with a constant delay-time mechanism in Ciona spermatozoa revealed by a high time resolution analysis of flagellar motility.

Miyashiro Daisuke D Shiba Kogiku K Miyashita Tahahiro T Baba Shoji A SA Yoshida Manabu M Kamimura Shinji S

Biology open 20150108 2

During their chemotactic swimming toward eggs, sperm cells detect their species-specific chemoattractant and sense concentration gradients by unknown mechanisms. After sensing the attractant, sperm cells commonly demonstrate a series of responses involving different swimming patterns by changing flagellar beats, gradually approaching a swimming path toward the eggs, which is the source of chemoattractants. Shiba et al. observed a rapid increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in Ciona spe ...[more]

PMID: 25572419

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Project description:Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently encounters microbes that produce ethanol. Low concentrations of ethanol reduced P. aeruginosa swim zone area by up to 45% in soft agar. The reduction of swimming by ethanol required the flagellar motor proteins MotAB and two PilZ domain proteins (FlgZ and PilZ). PilY1 and the type 4 pilus alignment complex (comprising PilMNOP) were previously implicated in MotAB regulation in surface-associated cells and were required for ethanol-dependent motility repression. As FlgZ requires the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) to represses motility, we screened mutants lacking genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism and found that mutants lacking diguanylate cyclases SadC and GcbA were less responsive to ethanol. The double mutant was resistant to its effects. As published previously, ethanol also represses swarming motility, and the same genes required for ethanol effects on swimming motility were required for its regulation of swarming. Microscopic analysis of single cells in soft agar revealed that ethanol effects on swim zone area correlated with ethanol effects on the portion of cells that paused or stopped during the time interval analyzed. Ethanol increased c-di-GMP in planktonic wild-type cells but not in ΔmotAB or ΔsadC ΔgcbA mutants, suggesting c-di-GMP plays a role in the response to ethanol in planktonic cells. We propose that ethanol produced by other microbes induces a regulated decrease in P. aeruginosa motility, thereby promoting P. aeruginosa colocalization with ethanol-producing microbes. Furthermore, some of the same factors involved in the response to surface contact are involved in the response to ethanol.IMPORTANCE Ethanol is an important biologically active molecule produced by many bacteria and fungi. It has also been identified as a potential marker for disease state in cystic fibrosis. In line with previous data showing that ethanol promotes biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, here we report that ethanol reduces swimming motility using some of the same proteins involved in surface sensing. We propose that these data may provide insight into how microbes, via their metabolic byproducts, can influence P. aeruginosa colocalization in the context of infection and in other polymicrobial settings.

Dataset Information

Chemotactic response with a constant delay-time mechanism in Ciona spermatozoa revealed by a high time resolution analysis of flagellar motility.

Publications

Chemotactic response with a constant delay-time mechanism in Ciona spermatozoa revealed by a high time resolution analysis of flagellar motility.

Similar Datasets

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